- Q: What are two other names for respondent conditioning? 1. Pavlovian conditioning or classical conditioning
- Q: What are respondent behaviors? Give three examples. 2. Respondent behaviors are behaviors that are elicited by...
- Q: Define unconditioned reflex. Give three examples. 3. An unconditioned reflex is a stimulus-response relationship...
What are the four types of respondent conditioning?
Four variations of the normal respondent conditioning paradigm will be described, centered on when in time the US and NS occur. These include delay, trace, simultaneous, and backward conditioning. We will then discuss properties governing respondent conditioning to include extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination.
What is respondent conditioning and why do we use it?
I call it respondent conditioning because it’s the science of responses. I’m going to stick with that throughout. It helps me remember that it’s about responding. Pavlov is all about our minds and bodies being at the beck and call of the world around us.
What is an example of a stimulus in respondent conditioning?
In respondent conditioning, the US could be an appetitive or aversive stimulus. For instance, in appetitive conditioning, the US would be something desirable such as candy which makes us happy. Other examples could include water, food, sex, or drugs.
What is the Rescorla-Wagner model of respondent conditioning?
Robert Rescorla and Allan Wagner (1972) developed an associative model of respondent conditioning built on the idea that a given US can only support so much conditioning and must be spread out among the CSs that are present. Four main ideas are captured in this model. There is a maximum associative strength that can develop between a US and CS.
What is another name for respondent conditioning?
PavlovianClassical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) is learning through association and was discovered by Pavlov, a Russian physiologist. In simple terms, two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal.
What are the 2 main types of conditioning?
Classical conditioning involves associating an involuntary response and a stimulus, while operant conditioning is about associating a voluntary behavior and a consequence.
Is respondent conditioning the same as operant conditioning?
In operant conditioning, it is the occurrence of a response that causes reinforcement to be delivered. In respondent conditioning, the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are presented without regard to the animal's behavior.
Is respondent behavior the same as classical conditioning?
Respondent behavior is the same type of behavior that is brought about by classical conditioning. That is, just like the dogs in Ivan Pavlov's experiments that learned to salivate when they heard a bell, anyone engaging in respondent behavior has been trained to do so.
What is respondent conditioning in psychology?
Respondent conditioning occurs when we link or pair a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. Note that this form of learning also goes by the name classical conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning in honor of Ivan Pavlov.
What is respondent conditioning in ABA?
The process of pairing a stimulus that naturally elicits a reflexive response with other stimuli repeatedly until the previously neutral (other) stimuli can elicit the reflexive response independently.
What are some examples of respondent conditioning?
Respondent Conditioning Example in everyday context: The fire alarm at work was previously a neutral stimulus. Then, you had a fire drill while you were standing right next to the alarm! The sound hurt your ears and was quite unpleasant.
What is the difference between Pavlov and Skinner?
In this experiment Skinner demonstrated the ideas of "operant conditioning" and "shaping behavior." Unlike Pavlov's "classical conditioning," where an existing behavior (salivating for food) is shaped by associating it with a new stimulus (ringing of a bell or a metronome), operant conditioning is the rewarding of an ...
What are the 4 types of operant conditioning?
In Operant Conditioning Theory, there are essentially four quadrants: Positive Reinforcement, Positive Punishment, Negative Reinforcement, and Negative Punishment.
What is respondent conditioning quizlet?
Respondent conditioning. A process in which a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US). The US elicits an unconditioned response (UR).
How are respondent and operant conditioning similar?
The main similarity between the two types of conditioning is that they both result in learning. However, the mechanisms of the two processes are quite different. Specifically, each behavior deals with a different kind of response (Cooper et al., 2019).
What is associative conditioning?
Associative Learning and Behavior Associative learning is a form of conditioning, a theory that states behavior can be modified or learned based on a stimulus and a response. This means that behavior can be learned or unlearned based on the response it generates.
1. Define unconditioned reflex. Give two examples of an unconditioned reflex.
- is a stimulus-response sequence in which a stimulus elicits a response without prior learning or conditioning - E.g., a sudden loss of support (i...
Define conditioned reflex, and describe the example of a conditioned reflex illustrated in the case of Susan, the figure skater at the beginning of Chapter 3.
- is a stimulus-response sequence in which a stimulus elicits a response because the stimulus was paired with a different stimulus that elicited th...
What are the two other names for respondent conditioning?
- classical - Pavlovian
State the procedure and result of respondent conditioning
- Procedure: - Neutral stimulus - Unconditioned stimulus --> Unconditioned Response - Result: - Conditioned stimulus --> Conditioned response
Describe the details of how Susan, the figure skater, was helped to overcome her fear of attempting the double axel jump.
- Susan was prompted by Dr. Martin to skate around the rink and anytime she got into the position where she would normally jump into her double axe...
In respondent conditioning, what does each of the following stand for: NS, US, UR, CS, CR?
- NS: neutral stimulus - US: unconditioned stimulus - UR: unconditioned response - CS: conditioned stimulus - CR: conditioned response
In a sentence each, briefly state 5 variables that influence the development of a conditioned reflex.
1: the greater the number of pairings of a CS with a US, the greater the ability of the CS to elicit the CR, until the maximum strength of the cond...
Describe the procedure and result of positive reinforcement.
- procedure: the presentation of a reinforcer immediately after a behaviour - Result: the behaviour is strengthened
Define conditioned reinforcer. Describe two sport examples that are not in this chapter.
- stimuli that acquire reinforcing value - E.g., getting the ball in the basket from the 3-pointer line in basketball AND getting a strike during...
What is respondent conditioning?
The principles of respondent conditioning states that if a neutral stimulus is followed closely in time by an unconditioned stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response, then the previous neutral stimulus will also tend to elicit the response of the unconditioned stimulus
What is a conditioned response?
Conditioned response - a response elicited by a conditioned stimulus
What is respondent stimulus generalization?
Respondent stimulus generalization - occurs when an organism have been conditioned so that a particular CS elicits a CR, and then a similar stimulus elicits that CR
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
Unconditioned stimulus - a stimulus that elicits a response without prior learning or conditioning
What are some examples of fear?
Example: humans will quickly learn fears to stimuli such as snakes and insects, that pose a threat to our survival than to stimuli, such as pictures of flowers, that were non-threatening in our distant ancestors’ history
When will respondent conditioning develop more quickly and strongly?
Fifth, respondent conditioning will develop more quickly and strongly when the CS or US or both are intense rather than weak
What is an aversion therapy?
Aversion therapy - process of pairing something unpleasant (such as nausea) with an undesirable behaviour (such as alcohol drinking for someone with alcoholism) with the goal of decreasing an undesirable behaviour
Which is more consistent, continuous or retain intermittent reinforcement?
1. Individuals are likely to work much more consistently on retain intermittent schedules of reinforcement than on continuous reinforcement
Which acquires greater ability to elicit a R?
3: a CS acquires greater ability to elicit a R is the CS is always paired with a given US, than if it is only occasionally paired with the US
What is respondent conditioning?
Definition: A learning process wherein a previously neutral stimulus (which would not alter behavior) acquires the ability to elicit a response (alter behavior). Respondent behavior is controlled by its antecedents.
What are some examples of neutral stimulus?
Through respondent conditioning (pairing of the neutral fire alarm with the aversive sound), you now cringe each time you see the fire alarm even when it is not going off.
What is a physical therapy example?
Example in clinical context: During physical therapy, the physical therapist has a client complete various physical activity, which the client greatly dislikes. Each time the client passes the physical therapy room, the client begins to shake and sweat. The previously neutral stimulus (the physical therapy room) through respondent conditioning, elicits the client’s response of shaking and sweating.
What are the applications of respondent conditioning?
In this module, we discussed six applications of respondent conditioning to include fear acquisition, the eyeblink paradigm, matters related to taste preferences and aversions, PTSD, and advertising. With this done, Part II is complete, and we now move to our discussion of the associative learning model of operant conditioning championed by Thorndike and Skinner.
How do rabbits use respondent conditioning?
Another application of respondent conditioning includes the eyeblink reflex. Rabbits are commonly used in this procedure as the stimulus and timing parameters that lead to optimal learning have been clearly worked out in them (Vogel et al., 2009). To start, rabbits are habituated to a stock that keeps them restrained. Exposure to brief (about a half-second) tones and light NS occur and are paired with the US of either a puff of air to the cornea of the eye or a mild electric shock near the eye, which causes the rabbit to blink (UR). With repeated pairings, the rabbit blinks (CR) to the tone/light (CS). Unlike other conditioning paradigms, the CR is easy to observe and measure and an interstimulus-interval (ISI) of about 200-500 ms is optimal for rabbit eyeblink conditioning (Schniderman & Gormezano, 1964).
How does temperament affect a child's CR?
Young infants display three types of temperament. Easy children are happy, have regular sleep and eating habits, are adaptable and calm, and not easily upset. Difficult children have irregular feeding and eating habits, are fearful of new people and situations, fussy, easily upset by noise and stimulation, and intense in their reactions. Finally, slow to warm children are less active and fussy, withdraw and react negatively to new situations, but over time may become more positive with repeated exposure to novel people, objects, and situations.
Who studied phobias?
Learning Phobias. One of the most famous studies in psychology was conducted by John B. Watson and graduate student Rosalie Rayner (1920). Essentially, they wanted to explore the possibility of conditioning various types of emotional responses.
The Nuts and Bolts of Respondent Conditioning
Properties Governing Respondent Conditioning
- Section Learning Objectives 1. Define extinction. 2. Describe spontaneous recovery in relation to extinction. 3. Differentiate stimulus generalization and discrimination. 4. Describe sensory preconditioning. 5. Describe latent inhibition. 6. Define overshadowing. 7. Define blocking. 8. Explain the use of occasion setters. 4.2.1. Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery Once an associ…
Theories of Conditioning
- Section Learning Objectives 1. Describe Pavlov’s stimulus substitution theory. 2. Describe the preparatory-response theory. 3. Describe the compensatory response theory. 4. Describe the Rescorla-Wagner model. 5. Describe Mackintosh’s attentional model. In this final section of Module 4, we will cover five theories of conditioning that identify the processes that underly resp…
Module Recap
- With the conclusion of this module, you should have a firm understanding of respondent conditioning in place. You will use this knowledge to discuss applications of respondent conditioning in Module 5 and then see how the learning paradigm relates to operant conditioning, a second associative model. We will then discuss observational learning, and through an exercis…