what is trephining in psychology

What is Trephining

in psychology? Trephination is a surgical procedure in which a circular part of the skull is carved away leaving a hole in the skull. It is theorized that early cultures used trephination to release spirits from a person or as a cure for convulsions and headaches.

Full Answer

What is the purpose of trephination?

Trephination is a surgical procedure in which a circular part of the skull is carved away leaving a hole in the skull. It is theorized that early cultures used trephination to release spirits from a person or as a cure for convulsions and headaches. Click to see full answer.

How is trephining used to treat a skull fracture?

By Galen’s time (129–199) trephining was in standard use in treating skull fracture for relieving pressure, for gaining access to remove skull fragments that threatened the dura, and, as in Hippocratic medicine, for drainage.

Are there signs of trephining in modern times?

Furthermore very few of the skulls showed any sign of depressed fractures, a common indication for trephining in modern times. Trephined skulls have been discovered in widespread locations in every part of the world, in sites dating from the late Paleolithic to this century.

Is trephination a form of pseudoscience?

For instance, trephination is used in some modern eye surgeries such as a corneal transplant; it is just termed differently as a form of pseudoscience called a craniotomy.

What is trephining in abnormal psychology?

Also known as trepanation, or trepanning, the process of making a hole through the skull to the surface of the brain might be carried out to treat a range of medical conditions or for more mystical reasons. ( Image credit: Science Museum, London/Wellcome Images)

What is trephining and why is it done?

A trephine is an instrument used for cutting out a round piece of skull bone to relieve pressure beneath a surface.

What was trephination used for?

By Galen's time (129–199) trephining was in standard use in treating skull fracture for relieving pressure, for gaining access to remove skull fragments that threatened the dura, and, as in Hippocratic medicine, for drainage.

What does a process of trephining mean?

Trephination is the surgical procedure in which a hole is created in the skull by the removal of circular piece of bone, while a trepanation is the opening created by this procedure (Stone and Miles, 1990).

Why would you need a craniectomy?

A craniectomy is a surgery done to remove a part of your skull in order to relieve pressure in that area when your brain swells. A craniectomy is usually performed after a traumatic brain injury. It's also done to treat conditions that cause your brain to swell or bleed.

Is trephination still used today?

Is trepanation still used today? Trepanation is not used in neurosurgery for medical purposes now. However, another procedure, called a craniotomy, is done that involves temporarily creating a hole in the skull to remove fluids or release pressure, and then closing the hole after a definite period.

Who invented trephination?

The famous Greek physician Hippocrates wrote of this practice being used when someone's head was indented or bruised. During the Middle Ages and into the 16th century, trepanning continued to be used frequently.

In which of the following age the process of trephining for treating mental disorders was used to perform this procedure?

Trephining (also referred to as trepanning) first occurred in Neolithic times. During this procedure, a hole, or trephine, was chipped into the skull using crude stone instruments.

What was trephining used for it effective quizlet?

trephining was the process of cutting holes in the skull probably to relieve pains in the head. ... Prehistoric peoples may well have believed that diseases were caused by evil spirits in the body. You just studied 7 terms!

When was trephination used?

The oldest discovered skulls showing evidence of trepanation date back to the Mesolithic period — around 6000 B.C. They emerged in North Africa, Ukraine, and Portugal.

How do you do trephination?

0:051:02Trephination of a Fingernail Subungual Hematoma - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipSo if your patient has acrylic nails do not do this you can do it with a needle or another deviceMoreSo if your patient has acrylic nails do not do this you can do it with a needle or another device but not with electro cautery because it's highly flammable express the hematoma.

Trepanation in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica

In pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, evidence for the practice of trepanation and an assortment of other cranial deformation techniques comes from a variety of sources, including physical cranial remains of pre-Columbian burials, allusions in iconographic artworks and reports from the post-colonial period.

Trepanation as a Pseudoscience

The use of trepanation in the modern era is considered a pseudoscience. For trepanation to be considered a genuine science it would have to follow these guidelines set forth by Stephen S. Carey author of A Beginner’s Guide to Scientific Method :

Why do people trepanate?

In ancient times, trepanation was thought to be a treatment for various ailments, such as head injuries. It may also have been used to treat pain. Some scientists also think that the practice was used to pull spirits from the body in rituals . Many times, the person would survive and heal after the surgery.

How long has trepanation been around?

Raphael Davis, a neurosurgeon and co-director of the Neurosciences Institute at Stony Brook University. "It's been done for about 5,000 years, making one of the oldest medical procedures known to the human race," Davis told Live Science.

What is trepan surgery?

He was referring to trepanation surgeries that put holes in the skull using hand drills, cutting or scraping techniques. "Trepan" comes from the Greek word trypanon, which, fittingly, means "a borer.".

Where is the trepanation skull?

What Is Trepanation? This skull, excavated from a tomb in Jericho, Israel, in 1958, shows four separate holes made by the ancient surgical process of trephination.

Can a person survive trepanation?

Many times, the person would survive and heal after the surgery. Researchers have found scarring from trepanation on skeletons, but the holes and injury to the skull had healed, according to research published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology.

Where was trephining first used?

The earliest detailed account of trephining is in the Hippocratic corpus, the first large body of Western scientific or medical writing that has survived. Although there is no question that there was a famous physician called Hippocrates in the fifth century BCE, it is not clear which of the Hippocratic works were written by him. The most extensive discussion of head injuries and the use of trephining in their treatment is in the Hippocratic work On Wounds in the Head.

When to use trephine?

The most common use was in the treatment of depressed fractures and penetrating head wounds. However, because of the high incidence of mortality particularly when the dura was penetrated, there was considerable debate in the medical literature throughout this long span about if and when to trephine. Besides trephining in cases of skull fracture, the Hippocratic practice of “prophylactic trephination” in the absence of fracture after head injury continued to persist. For example, in the 1800s Cornish miners “insisted on having their skulls bored” after head injuries, even when there was no sign of fracture.

Why is trephining not discussed in the Hippocratic treatise?

The Hippocratic doctors believed that stagnant blood (like stagnant water) was bad. It could decay and turn into pus.

What were the first methods of trephination?

Across time and space five main methods of trephination were used. The first was rectangular intersecting cuts as in Squier’s skull. These were first made with obsidian, flint, or other hard stone knives and later with metal ones. Peruvian burial sites often contain a curved metal knife called a tumi, which would seem to be well suited for the job. (The tumi has been adopted by the Peruvian Academy of Surgery as its emblem.) In addition to Peru, skulls trephined with this procedure have been found in France, Israel, and Africa.

Where was the first trepanation meeting held?

The first International Colloquium on Cranial Trepanation in Human History was held at the University of Birmingham in April 2000. Papers from this unique three-day meeting were published as Trepanation: History, Discovery, Theory, which provides the most complete review of the subject to date. A major achievement of the meeting was the demonstration that trepanation was widespread in many regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania, and the Americas in both preliterate and literate periods. The volume also contains illustrations of trephined skulls from many cultures and of the great variety of instruments used.

Who was the trepanator in China?

The possibility that trepanation was practiced in ancient China is suggested by the following story about Cao Cao and Hua Tua, from a historical novel attributed to Luo Guanzhong, written in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) and set in 168–280 at the end of the Later Han dynasty. Cao Cao was commander of the Han forces and posthumously Emperor of the Wei dynasty, and Hua Tuo was (and still is) a famous physician of the time.

What is the third method of cutting bone?

The third method was cutting a circular groove and then lifting off the disc of bone. This is another common and widespread method and was still in use, at least until recently, in Kenya. The fourth method, the use of a circular trephine or crown saw, may have developed out of the third.

What can we conclude about trephination?

What we can conclude about trephination is that this ancient surgical technique was astonishingly widespread and was practised on the living and the dead in association with head trauma and for other reasons including the spiritual and the experimental. The cranial evidence which appears is from a range of patients of different ages and sexes, showing that the operation was performed on men, women and children. Evidence of healing and multiple burr holes indicate that there was a survival rate and some were even operated on repeatedly. However, some skulls show us the risks of the operation as well. Some skulls uncovered are evidence that the procedure was abandoned mid-operation as the trephining is incomplete.

What is trephination surgery?

Trephination (also known as trepanning or burr holing) is a surgical intervention where a hole is drilled, incised or scraped into the skull using simple surgical tools. In drilling into the skull and removing a piece of the bone, the dura mater is exposed without damage to the underlying blood-vessels, meninges and brain.

How long did the patient live after trephination?

Many skulls show signs of healing and indicate that the patient lived for years after the event, even sometimes having trephination performed again later in life and again surviving the experience.

Where did trephination occur?

Evidence for trephination occurs from prehistoric times from the Neolithic period onwards. The main pieces of archaeological evidence are in the forms of cave paintings and human remains; the skulls themselves from prehistoric times. It is the oldest surgical procedure for which we actually have archaeological evidence. At one site in France, burials included forty instances of trephination from around 6500 BCE; one third of the skulls found at the site. The percentage of occurrences there though is fairly high and percentages largely differ between sites and continents. It is from the human remains found at such sites that we know that the surgery had a fair survival rate. Many skulls show signs of healing and indicate that the patient lived for years after the event, even sometimes having trephination performed again later in life and again surviving the experience.

Where in the Hippocratic Treatises does it say "trepanning"?

The Hippocratic Treatises make mention of trepanning in the chapter on injuries of the head, which states: 'For a person wounded to the same . . . extent . . . will sustain a much greater injury, provided he has received the blow at the sutures, than if it was elsewhere. And many of these require trepanning.'.

When did Han and Chen study trephination?

They looked at six specimens from five sites ranging from 5000-2000 BP which showed cranial perforation in prehistoric China.

Learn about this harmful form of psychological manipulation

Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of "Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder" and "7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety."

What Is Triangulation?

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Signs of Triangulation

Triangulation is an approach used by many different people who share one thing in common: insecurity. As a result, they're willing to manipulate others in harmful ways to get what they want or feel a sense of security in a relationship .

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) and Bipolar Disorder (BPD)

Let’s examine how some people with NPD and BPD use triangulation since it’s commonly found in these two disorders.

Triangulation in Relationships

Triangulation can come in various dynamics. First, let's take a look at how triangulation shows up in family dynamics and romantic relationships.

Impact of Triangulation

When someone experiences triangulation, they may fear what other people think and feel humiliated, concerned, and self-protective.

Coping With Triangulation

When dealing with triangulation, it's essential to remember that only you have control over what you do, not the provoking or baiting person. Remember, nobody can make you feel bad about yourself without your permission.