Translational equivalence is the similarity between a word (or expression) in one language and its translation in another. This similarity results from overlapping ranges of reference. A translation equivalent is a corresponding word or expression in another language.
How to pronounce equivalence?
Here are 4 tips that should help you perfect your pronunciation of 'equivalent':
- Break 'equivalent' down into sounds : [I] + [KWIV] + [UH] + [LUHNT] - say it out loud and exaggerate the sounds until you can consistently produce them.
- Record yourself saying 'equivalent' in full sentences, then watch yourself and listen. ...
- Look up tutorials on Youtube on how to pronounce 'equivalent'.
What does equivalence mean?
equivalence - a state of being essentially equal or equivalent; equally balanced; "on a par with the best"
How to prove that equality is an equivalence relation?
- The relation ∼ on Q from Progress Check 7.9 is an equivalence relation.
- Let A be a nonempty set. ...
- Define the relation ∼ on R as follows: For a, b ∈ R, a ∼ b if and only if there exists an integer k such that a − b ...
What does the term 'false equivalence' mean?
What does the term false equivalence mean? False equivalence is a type of cognitive bias or flawed reasoning style. False equivalency means that you think (or are told) two things should have equal weight in your decision-making. If one opinion has solid data supporting it, but the other opinion is conjecture, they are not equivalent in quality.
What does equivalence means in translation give an example?
An expression from a LANGUAGE which has the same meaning as, or can be used in a similar context to, one from another language, and can therefore be used to translate it: for example, English I don't understand, French Je ne comprends pas, Italian Non capisco, Modern Greek Dhen katalaveno, Japanese Wakarimasen.
What is equivalence in technical translation?
That doesn't mean that concepts don't exist equally in two different languages or cultures – they do. When a word or phrase means exactly the same thing in both languages, we call that an equivalence, and it's understandably one of the first things professional translators look for.
What equivalence is used in word-for-word translation?
What is Formal Equivalence? Formal equivalence is a literal, word-for-word translation. The goal is to stay as close to the original text as possible. The translation will preserve the lexical details, grammatical structure, vocabulary, and syntax of the source text.
What is equivalent effect in translation?
Equivalent effect has been widely discussed in Translation Studies.. It means that the effect produced by a translation on its audience should be as close as possible to the effect the original had on the recipients in the source language.
What is equivalence in translation PDF?
1.Translation and Equivalence. Translation is broadly defined as the rendering of a message or information from one. language (Source Language) into another language (Target Language). In other words, it is. the establishing of the semantic - or meaning - equivalence between a SL text, or more.
Why is equivalence important in translation?
A literal translation is practically useless when the meaning behind the words is not upheld. Equivalence only works when you have a deep understanding of what the source content is trying to convey. It doesn't simply cover the meaning of the content but the tone and style of the delivery.
What are different types of equivalence?
In qualitative there are five types of equivalence; Referential or Denotative, Connotative, Text-Normative, Pragmatic or Dynamic and Textual Equivalence.…
What is an equivalence relation example?
Equivalence relations are often used to group together objects that are similar, or “equiv- alent”, in some sense. Example: The relation “is equal to”, denoted “=”, is an equivalence relation on the set of real numbers since for any x, y, z ∈ R: 1. (Reflexivity) x = x, 2.
What is linguistic equivalence?
Linguistic equivalence is the quality of two sets of words spoken or written in different languages but which have the same meaning.
Is equivalence matters in the translation process?
Equivalence can be said to be the central issue in translation although its definition, relevance, and applicability within the field of translation theory have caused heated controversy, and many different theories of the concept of equivalence have been elaborated within this field in the past fifty years.
What is cultural equivalence in translation?
“Cultural equivalent” translation makes it possible to convey not all but at least some connotations to the target language audience. At the same time, there will of course be cases where a physical factor, or the object itself, is as important as its connotations.
What is natural equivalence in translation?
natural equivalence. That collection of ideas formed the basis of what might be called the equivalence paradigm. From the late 1950s, most definitions of translation have consequently referred to equivalence in one form or another, especially within the field of applied linguistics.
What Is Equivalence in Translation
In translation, there are the source and target languages. Here, equivalence involves an attempt to convert the content while retaining the context and meaning of the original. Many view languages as having equivalent words, and that translating from one to another simply involves finding a match. That cannot be farther from the truth.
Real-Life Examples
Due to cultural, social, and historical differences, languages evolve in many contrasting directions. Therefore, it might be challenging to find equating words in German and English, for example. Take the word schadenfreude, which means “the pleasure someone derives from another person’s misfortune.” That’s eight words to describe a single one!
Automated Versus Human Translations
Automated translations generated by machine-learning algorithms can only go so far. Professional translators generally have a deep cultural understanding of the languages they are translating. This is what AI translators are lacking, and where humans pick up the slack.
What is equivalence in translation?
In the case of Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet (1958) (9), equivalence was a translation process which corresponded to cultural adaptation . For Roman Jakobson (2000, p. 114) (10), equivalence was a concept of capital importance when it came to establishing a link between two texts : “ Equivalence in difference is the cardinal problem of language and the pivotal concern of linguistics. “ The linguist (the translator in this case) must interpret a message and render it in another language. Jakobson (2000) argued that by using the resources of languages, one could translate an entire message without loss, poetry being the exception, since it was, according to him, untranslatable.
Who developed dynamic equivalence?
The expression “dynamic equivalence” is born under the pen of Eugene Nida in the 1940s. Linguistics graduate in Greek, specialist of the Greek New Testament, Nida was a missionary for some time in Mexico. Health problems forced him to return to the United States, where he devoted himself to theorizing what he tried to practice in the field : the translation of the Bible into the vernacular languages, in this case mainly African, Andean and of Southeast Asia who do not have written literature. He wrote primarily for practical purposes : he intended to give translators a manual to guide them in their task. Evidenced by the title of his first book published in 1949 : Bible Translating. An Analysis of Principles and Procedures, with Special Reference to Aboriginal Languages . In 1969, in a new book called The Theory and Practice of Translation, he gave this definition of dynamic equivalence theory.
Why is correspondence important in translation?
Correspondence is useful in translation, but it is important define its place in the process. Texts don’t just repeat always the same thoughts ; Likewise, the equivalences which designate these thoughts are non-repetitive and must be created at every moment by the translation.
What is literality in translation?
There is a simple fact in the history of translation : literality is an ancient and persistent requirement. The translator or interpreter strives to render the original meaning of a version without approximation or imprecision. He wants to be faithful to the letter of the original text, that is to say, he wants to reproduce its content and expression exactly. His search for accuracy knows no limits. This means that he aims to avoid losses of meaning and nuance, or even stylistic effects, in order to produce a text identical to the original.
What were the theories of translation in the 1960s?
Theories that arose in the mid-1960s have greatly contributed to the annihilation of certain, to say the least rigid, principles which were established as the basis for any reflection on the act of translation. Functionalist and communicative theories in this case revolutionized translation studies by considering translation as an act of communication in its own right.
What is translation project?
The translation project is, in a way, the meeting of these two concepts. The translator then decided on the principles and standards that will guide his translation, according to his own motivations and the rules of the socio-cultural context.
What is the second step of semantic analysis?
This second step of the analysis involves studying the semantic values of words and the factors that contribute to their instability, including context. For this point, Nida and Taber attach great importance to the context which alone is able to determine whether words are understood in their denotative (or referential) sense, or in their connotative sense.
What are equivalents in linguistics?
The domain of equivalents covers linguistic units such as morphemes, words, phrases, clauses, idioms and proverbs.
Why is it difficult to find a standard equivalent in one language for another?
Explanation: Sometimes, due to religious, cultural and literary factors, it is difficult to find a standard equivalent in one language for another. For example, in Iran, a person who has come back from a piligrimage to Imam Reza's shrine in Mashhad (a city in Iran) is called "mashhadi.".
Is translation a branch of applied linguistics?
Translation As Applied Linguistics: Linguistically, translation is a branch of applied linguistics, for in the process of translation the translator consistently makes any attempt to compare and contrast different aspects of two languages to find the equivalents. 3. EQUIVALENCE.
Do translators have to find one to one units?
It is worth mentioning, however, it is not meant that the translator should always find one-to-one categorically or structurally equivalent units in the two languages, that is, sometimes two different linguistic units in different languages carry the same function.
How many types of equivalence are there?
There are two main types of equivalence; qualitative and quantitative. In qualitative there are five types of equivalence; Referential or Denotative, Connotative, Text-Normative, Pragmatic or Dynamic and Textual Equivalence.…show more content…. The first type of equivalence is only transferring the word in the Source language ...
Why is equivalence problematic?
However, equivalence might problematic because it is triggered due to cultural, social and historical differences. The second type of equivalence is when one word has different meanings. For instance, the word ‘mobile’ can mean a ‘phone’, ‘movement’ or ‘flexibility’, here the Source Language or Text covers a wide range of meanings.
What is text-normative equivalence?
Also, text-normative equivalence is used as the order is different. For example, in the Arabic text begins with artist and the sculptured lions, while in English text it begins with the sculpted lions first. Pragmatic equivalence was also used in this text, as both sentences have the same effects on the. Show More.
What is translation in text?
Translation is a complicated task, during which the meaning of the source-language text should be conveyed to the target-language readers. In other words, translation can be defined as encoding the meaning and form in the target language by means of the decoded meaning and form of the source language.
What is the meaning of transliteration?
Transliteration is the conversion of one text to another. For instance, the word ‘Majd’ is a name which has no meaning in English, while in Arabic it means ‘glorification’. Thus, this word is transliterated to have the same pronunciation as the original language.
What is the process of translating a text?
Translation is a process of transferring texts from one language to another, from one culture to another. In the process of carrying this process, it carries deep layers shaped into cultural and traditional aspects. In translation process, it involves equivalence which is relating the Target Text (TT) from the Source Text (ST). Equivalence is relied on text and its meanings related to specific cultures.#N#Equivalence has a major factor in translation, since it relates between the Source Text (ST) and the Target Text (TT). There are two main types of equivalence; qualitative and quantitative. In qualitative there are five types of equivalence; Referential or Denotative, Connotative, Text-Normative, Pragmatic or Dynamic and Textual Equivalence.
More than Adequate
Equivalence is a term that means, basically, that your target text conveys the same meaning and tone as your source text. It’s a dry term for a very mild achievement: It’s basically the basic goal of all translation work.
Equivalency and Idioms
Idioms have made translators tear out their hair for hundreds of years. We’ve all had the dubious pleasure of encountering a strange expression in a source text that we’re simply not certain how to translate correctly. Idioms are colourful and add spice to language – but sometimes we deal with them instinctively.
Historical Perspective
Definition
- The first rigorous definitions of equivalence in translation appeared in the 1950s. Equivalence was first seen as a functionalist concept : a text snippet has the same function in the source text and the target text. In the case of Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet (1958) (9), equivalence was a translation process which corresponded to cultural ad...
Multiple Parameter Equivalence Concepts
- Subsequently, as it was difficult to define equivalence precisely on a limited semantic basis, other definitions emerged, taking into account various parameters. Juliane House (1977, abstract p. 1) (15) defined a semantic-pragmatic equivalence in her concepts of overt translation and covert translation: “basic requirement for equivalence of ST and TT posited in the model is that a TT, in …
Questioning The Concept of Equivalence
- At the same time, theories have questioned the validity of a notion such as equivalence. According to the Skopos Theory proposed by Hans Vermeer and Katharina Reiss (Reiss, 1984) (22), translation depends above all on its purpose, the latter being determined by the client (Vermeer, 2000, p. 222) (23): “The decisive factor here is the purpose, the skopos, of the commu…
What Is Equivalence?
- Certain categories of statements pose problems in terms of translation: in these cases, it is necessary to adapt, find an equivalence, or simply keep the original term. How do you decide which way to go ? First of all, one should always keep in mind the author’s intention of the source text (the message comes out of the mind and passes into the language area), i.e. the meaning. …
Equivalence of Meaning in Translation
- For translation, the distinction between equivalences in language and equivalences of meaning has become classic. (30) It points out the significant gap that often exists between equivalences given out of context and equivalences that are imposed under the pressure of discourse. It also indicates that translation is the result of an interpretation based on the meanings of the languag…
Translation Based on Equivalence
- Theories that arose in the mid-1960s have greatly contributed to the annihilation of certain, to say the least rigid, principles which were established as the basis for any reflection on the act of translation. Functionalist and communicative theories in this case revolutionized translation studies by considering translation as an act of communication in its own right. “Translation is a …
Types of Equivalence
- In this section, we will focus on sketching a few types of equivalence which are in force in the field of translation studies. As already mentioned above, the different types of equivalence that exist derive mainly from the importance given to one of the significant elements of a verbal production. It will just be necessary to specify that the panoply of types of equivalences which we will try to …
Understanding Equivalence
- Information on the historical origin of equivalence shows that it has been used in the field of mathematics, the concept of which means equality of value in a given formula, for example B = A. Then, it was introduced in translation to talk about the relationship between source and target text, but it is difficult to specify the exact date of its use. Nevertheless, it should be noted that th…
Literal Equivalence in Translation
- There is a simple fact in the history of translation : literality is an ancient and persistent requirement. The translator or interpreter strives to render the original meaning of a version without approximation or imprecision. He wants to be faithful to the letter of the original text, that is to say, he wants to reproduce its content and expression exactly. His search for accuracy kno…