what is the arrangement of enterobacter aerogenes

What carbohydrates can Enterobacter aerogenes ferment?

Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli Which organisms were capable of fermenting sucrose? Enterobacter aerogenes Which organism was not able to ferment any of the carbohydrates? Alcaligenes faecalis Methyl red and Voges-Proskauer tests: Which organism (Escherichia coli or Enterobacter aerogenes) is positive for the methyl red test?

How contagious is Enterobacter aerogenes?

is enterobacter aerogenes contagious? Dr. Shaym Puppala answered 25 years experience Internal Medicine Yes: Enterobacter aerogenes is a bacteria that can cause a variety of infections such as urinary tract infections, sepsis, pneumonia, skin/wound infections...

Does Enterobacter aerogenes have any medical significance?

It is possible that Enterobacter aerogenes and other Enterobacter species may exert a probiotic effect in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. Probiotics are preparations of living organisms that benefit the host by improving intestinal microbial balance.

Does Enterobacter aerogenes have amylase?

Methods and Results: Enterobacter aerogenes was transformed with the gene encoding Vitreoscilla (bacterial) haemoglobin, vgb. The growth kinetics and ability to synthesize a-amylase enzyme were investigated in this transformed Enterobacter strain as well as in two other Enterobacter control strains that do not harbour the vgb gene.

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What is the shape of Enterobacter aerogenes?

Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae are gram-negative bacteria that belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae. They can be both aerobic and anaerobic. Under the microscope, Enterobacter is rod-shaped with rounded ends.

Is Enterobacter aerogenes cocci or rod?

Enterobacter, (genus Enterobacter), any of a group of rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Enterobacter are gram-negative bacteria that are classified as facultative anaerobes, which means that they are able to thrive in both aerobic and anaerobic environments.

What is the arrangement of Enterobacter cloacae?

Enterobacter cloacae SCF1NamesEnterobacter cloacae SCF1Cell arrangementSinglesSporulationNonsporulatingMetabolismLignin degraderEnergy sourceNA32 more rows

What is unique about Enterobacter aerogenes?

E. aerogenes strains have a broad ability to develop antibiotics resistance mechanisms (Miro et al., 1995). They naturally express a chromosomal AmpC β-lactamase type cephalosporinase at low level (group 1 Bush) that induces resistance to first-generation cephalosporins (Freney et al., 1988).

What is the colony morphology of Enterobacter aerogenes?

MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCEGram Stains:Negative.Morphology:Straight rods.Size:0.6-1.0 micrometers by 1.2-3.0 micrometers.Motility:Some are motile by four to six peritrichous flagella.Spores:No.

Is Enterobacter aerogenes Gram positive or negative?

Gram-negativeEnterobacter is a genus of a common Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Two of its well- known species, Enterobacter aerogenes and E.

What determines the shape of a bacterial cell?

The apparent shape of a bacterium is determined by the geometry of its growing cell wall (1–4). Recently, a number of prokaryotic cytoskeletal proteins, such as FtsZ, MreB, and crescentin, have been shown to be important for shaping the bacterial cell (4–7).

Is Enterobacter a cloacae size?

Enterobacter cloacae is a rod-shaped, gram-negative bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family. The size of this bacteria ranges from 0.3-0.6 x 0.8-2.0 μm. (13).

What is the morphology of Klebsiella pneumoniae?

MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCEGram Stain:Negative.Morphology:Rod-shaped; singly and in pairs or short chains.Size:0.3-1.0 micrometers by 0.6-6.0 micrometers.Motility:Non-motile.Capsules:Yes.1 more row

What are the characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae?

Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae have the following characteristics: They are gram-negative rods, either motile with peritrichous flagella or nonmotile; grow on peptone or meat extract media without the addition of sodium chloride or other supplements; grow well on MacConkey agar; grow aerobically and ...

How do you identify Enterobacteriaceae?

Tests for identification of members of the Enterobacteriaceae familyCitrate utilization Test.Indole Test.Motility Test.Methyl Red (MR) Test.Voges–Proskauer (VP) Test.Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) Agar Test.Urease Test.

Is Enterobacter aerogenes a facultative anaerobe?

Enterobacter aerogenes is a facultative anaerobe and is one of the most widely studied bacterial strains because of its ability to use a variety of substrates, to produce hydrogen at a high rate, and its high growth rate during dark fermentation. However, the rate of hydrogen production has not been optimized.

What temperature does Enterobacter aerogenes grow?

It is related to Enterobacter Coli and Salmonella. Its preferred temperature for growth is 37 degrees Celsius. In laboratories, it also grows quite quickly in milk nutrients, salts, and dyes. Surgical procedures, intravenous catheter insertions, and some antibiotic treatments are ways that result in the infection of Enterobacter aerogenes.

What is the name of the rod-shaped bacteria that causes bacterial infections?

Enterobacter aerogenes, part of the Enterobacteriaceae Family, is a rod-shaped bacteria that causes bacterial infections, and is usually acquired in a hospital or hospital-type atmospheres.

What is the gastrointestinal tract?

The gastrointestinal tract is usually where it is found in a human, and it is known to cause respiratory, urinary tract infections, osteomyelitis, and septic arthritis . They also cause burn, wound, and bloodstream infections. It has also been shown to cause meningitis and central nervous system infections.

Where are Enterobacter aerogenes found?

Enterobacter are found in the soil, water, dairy products, and in the intestines of animals as well as humans. They are most frequently found in the gastrointestinal tract and are studied in clinical sites in stool samples. The minimum, optimum and maximum pH for E. aerogenes replication is 4.4, 6.0-7.0, and 9.0 (6).

How does Enterobacter aerogenes cause disease?

Pathology. Enterobacter aerogenes causes disease in humans through inadvertent bacteria transfer in hospital settings. A selection of enteric bacteria like E. aerogenes are opportunistic and only infect those who already have suppressed host immunity defenses.

What is the EEFABC locus?

The Enterobacter aerogenes eefABC locus, which encodes a tripartite efflux pump, was cloned by complementation of an Escherichia coli tolC mutant . E. aerogenes became less susceptible to a wide range of antibiotics.

What is the sequence identity of the ompa gene?

Similarly, the ompA gene of E. sakazakii had sequence identities of 86% and 88% at the nucleic acid and amino acid levels. Additionally, with Enterobacter aerogenes, 87% and 90% with serovar Typhimurium, and 85% and 88% with Shigella flexneri.

What is the biproduct of fermentation?

One of the bi-products of fermentation is hydrogen gas. The ability of Enterobacter aerogenes to produce hydrogen through the fermentation of a variety of sugars, including glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose, mannitol, sucrose, maltose, and lactose, has led scientists to investigate the use of this bacteria’s metabolism as a means of acquiring clean energy. Many bacteria can produce hydrogen through fermentation at a neutral pH, and E. aerogenes is no exception. Its optimal pH for hydrogen production is between 6 and 7. However, maintaining that high of a pH is difficult during fermentation because the process yields acidic products such as acetic acid, succinic acid, and lactic acid, and the accumulation of those products causes a decrease in pH. Typically, bacteria cease fermentation and thus cease the production of hydrogen at such low pH levels. However, one strain of E. aerogenes, HO-39, has the ability to continue fermentation at pH levels as low as 4. This quality makes strain HO-39 desirable as an energy source because it will continue energy production without much regulation of the bacterial environment. When bacterial fermentation is inhibited at low pH levels, alkali must continually be added to the bacterial culture in order to counteract the low pH that is caused by the accumulation of the organic acids. Alkali is expensive and, consequently, is uneconomical for the harnessing of energy. Using an aciduric facultative anaerobe such as E. aerogenes will reduce the amount of alkali that is necessary to maintain hydrogen production. Thus, this bacterium could be used as a cost-effective, clean energy source (17).

What type of pathogens are expressed by Enterobacter?

In general, the pathogenic mechanisms expressed by strains of Enterobacter are unknown. Like other strains such as Klebsiella, they express type 1 and type 3 fimbraie. Most strains also express an aerobactin-mediated iron uptake systems, commonly associated with extra-intestinal human bacterial pathogens.

What are the different types of Enterobacteriaceae?

The Enterobacteriaceae family includes genera of Escherichia, Shilgella, Salmonella, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Serratia, Proteus , amongst others. The gram-negative bacteria resides in soil, water, dairy products and inhabits a natural flora in the gastrointestinal tract of animals as well as humans. The rod shaped Enterobacteriaceae exists in a variety of sizes; are not spore forming; are both motile (with peritrichous flagella) or nonmotile; grow both aerobically and anaerobically; are active biochemically; ferment (versus oxidize) D-glucose as well as other sugars, often with gas production; reduce nitrate to nitrite; contain the enterobacter common antigen; and have a 39-59% guanine-plus-cytosine (G + C) content of DNA (2).

How many species of Enterobacter are there?

Currently there are more than 14 species of the genus Enterobacter that can be identified according to their biochemical or genomic characteristics. This group of microbes has representatives that inhabit humans as part of the usual microbial biota.

What are the conditions caused by E. aerogenes?

Soft Tissue and Skin Infections: Conditions caused by E. aerogenes in these tissues include cellulitis, fasciitis, myositis, abscesses, and wound infections. Urinary Tract Infections: Pyelonephritis (infection of the kidney and renal pelvis), prostatitis, and cystitis can be caused by E. aerogenes and other Enterobacter bacteria.

What is the eighth most common pathogen in hospital-acquired infections?

Enterobacter infections are usually caused by bacteria common in the human digestive tract. In the United States, infections caused by this genus rank it as the eighth most common pathogen in hospital-acquired infections.

What are the pathologies of a bacterium?

This bacterium can cause multiple pathologies such as: Infections in the urinary and gastrointestinal tract. Thrombocytopenia ( reduction of platelets in the bloodstream). Respiratory system infections: Infections of this type include asymptomatic colonization, tracheobronchitis, pneumonia, lung abscess, and empyema.

Is E. aerogenes a pathogen?

The species E. aerogenes is considered an opportunistic pathogen and rarely causes disease in healthy individuals. As an opportunist, it has become important due to nosocomial infections. Very little is known about the factors that can affect its pathogenicity or virulence (ability to cause disease).

Is E. aerogenes resistant to antibiotics?

aerogenes are considered to be very complex and limited, as most infections come from an endogenous source and many strains are highly resist ant to antibiotics.

Can nosocomial infections be endogenous?

It should be noted that most nosocomial infections appear to arise endogenously from a previously colonized site in the patient involved. And immunosuppressed people, children and the elderly are usually more susceptible to these infections.

What is the principle of Enterobacter aerogenes?

Principle: cultures of Enterobacter aerogenes are made in liquid media; one medium is made with the water to be tested, the other with high-quality reference distilled water (e.g. high-quality water for pharmaceutical/injection use, codex guaranteed).

What organisms inhibit S. aureus?

aureus is a poor competitor, its growth is inhibited by common spoilage organisms. Bacillus cereus, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes and Achromobacter spp. may inhibit staphylococci by production of antimicrobial compounds, while Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas spp. are thought to inhibit S. aureus by outcompeting it for amino acids. In foods with reduced aw (0.95 or less and salt concentrations of 5.5% and higher), growth of competing flora will be suppressed, whereas S. aureus is able to proliferate under these conditions. In such foods, a hazard can only be minimized by preventing contamination, and through storage at low temperatures.

What is mixed acid fermentation?

Mixed acid fermentations occur when bacteria utilize two or more different pathways in the terminal steps of fermentation. Enteric Gammaproteobacteria like E. coli and Enterobacter aerogenes are facultative anaerobes and so use aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen and anaerobic respiration if there are suitable alternative electron acceptors such as nitrate, fumarate and TMAO that they are able to utilize. In the absence of any such acceptor then these bacteria will ferment glucose to a mixture of acetate, formate, lactate and succinate acids plus ethanol as shown in Figure 11.3. The relative amounts of each product may vary with growth conditions and with bacterial species involved. For example E. coli produces two- to three-fold more lactic, succinic and acetic acid than does Enterobacter aerogenes. At low pH E. coli converts formate to CO 2 +H 2 using the enzyme formate hydrogen lyase (Fhl) system that not all Enterobacteriaceae possess. This system consists of hydrogenase 3 and formate dehydrogenase-H.

Can Naegleria fowleri be cultured?

Naegleria fowleri can be cultured on non-nutrient agar plates coated with Escherichia coli or Enterobacter aerogenes. The amebae will feed on the bacteria, multiply, and differentiate into cysts within a few days. They can be easily subcultured by cutting out a small piece of agar containing trophozoites and/or cysts and placing it face down onto a fresh agar plate coated with bacteria as before. It can also be cultured axenically in a complex chemical medium with 5% fetal bovine serum in the absence of bacteria as well as on mammalian cell cultures (Marciano-Cabral, 1988; Schuster, 2002 ).

Does Enterobacter aerogenes affect the intestinal tract?

It is possible that Enterobacter aerogenes and other Enterobacter species may exert a probiotic effect in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. Probiotics are preparations of living organisms that benefit the host by improving intestinal microbial balance. Mechanisms include the production of substances which inhibit pathogens, compete for their substrates or compete for intestinal adherence sites. The probiotic effect of normal enteric flora increases resistance to Salmonella infection. In a simulated human colonic ecosystem using six microbial competitors and five substrates, E. aerogenes reached a higher density than Salmonella typhimurium, but usually not as high as E. coli or Bacteroides ovatus. When Enterobacter is present in the human intestine, it probably adds to the probiotic effect exhibited by the normal flora. Whether the use of probiotics can reduce the carriage of Salmonella in animals used for food remains to be determined.

Where is Enterobacter cloacae found?

Enterobacter cloacaeis ubiquitous in terrestrial and aquatic environments (water, sewage, soil, and food). The species occurs as commensal microflora in the intestinal tracts of humans and animals and is also pathogens in plants and insects.

What are the three groups of enzymes?

These enzymes are assigned to three groups: acetyltransferases (ace tylation of an amino group/AAC), phosphotransferases (phosphorylation of a hydroxyl group/APH), and adenylyltransferases (adenylylation of a hydroxyl group/AAD or ANT).

Is E. cloacae a Gram-negative bacteria?

Enterobacter aerogenesand E. cloacaehave been reported as important opportunistic and multiresistant bacterial path ogens for humans during the last three decades in hospital wards. These Gram-negative bacteria have been largely described during several outbreaks of hospital-acquired infections in Europe and particularly in France.

Classification

Description and Significance

Genome Structure

Cell Structure and Metabolism

Ecology

Pathology

• Enterobacter aerogenes causes disease in humans through inadvertent bacteria transfer in hospital settings. A selection of enteric bacteria like E. aerogenesare opportunistic and only infect those who already have suppressed host immunity defenses. Infants, the elderly, and those who are in the terminal stages of other disease or are immunosuppress...

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Application to Biotechnology

Current Research

Other Members of Same Genus

Energy Source