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what is physical activity coefficient

by Maud Morissette Published 3 years ago Updated 2 years ago

The physical activity coefficients are used in the EER equations to estimate energy requirements and are based on ranges of physical activity levels. The Physical Activity Level (PAL) is the ratio of total energy expenditure to basal energy expenditure (TEE/BEE).

' The physical activity coefficients are used in the EER equations to estimate energy requirements and are based on ranges of physical activity levels. The Physical Activity Level (PAL) is the ratio of total energy expenditure to basal energy expenditure (TEE/BEE).

Full Answer

How do you calculate activity coefficient?

  • a=γ⋅ [C]
  • lim [C]→0γ→1.
  • limγ→1a→ [C]
  • logγ=−0.51z2√μ1+α√μ305.

How to calculate physical activity level?

  • Sedentary. Person may be under the care of someone else. ...
  • Lightly Active. This level is appropriate for most students, professionals and office workers (lawyers, doctors, teachers, laboratory employees, shop workers, many housewives/husbands and professional musicians).
  • Moderately Active. ...
  • Very Active. ...
  • Extremely Active. ...

How to find activity coefficient?

Calculate ionic strength from concentrations of all ions in solution using I = 0.5 ΣZ2 m Use Davies Equation to calculate activity coefficients for all ions of interest (Z = 1,2,3,4) ln γ+ = - A Z2 [I0.5/(1 + I0.5) – 0.2 I] Calculate activity of the ions of interest using their concentrations and activity coefficients a = [i] γ

What is the formula for activity coefficient?

Theoretical Background

  • (6.13)ˉNA d ln f A + ˉNB d ln f B = 0.
  • (6.19)- u ln f B = - ˉEA ln K V + ∫ ˉEA0 ln K VdˉEA.
  • (6.20) ln K eq = ∫ 10 ln K VdˉEA, Thus, by plotting ln KV vs A and integrating under the curve, from A = 0 to A = 1, ...
  • (6.21)ΔG 0ex = - RT ln K ex,

How do you calculate physical activity coefficient?

EER = 447.6 - 7.95*age (years) + PAL *(11.4* weight (kg) + 619* height (m)), where PAL = 1 if sedentary, 1.16 if low active, 1.27 if active and 1.44 if very active. Note: PAL is physical activity level. Source: Institute of Medicine.

What is my EER nutrition?

What Is My EER? EER means 'Estimated Energy Requirement', by it is the average dietary energy intake that will help to maintain energy balance in an individual with respect to a given age, gender, height, weight, and physical activity levels. The use of eer formula helps to calculate eer values for different genders.

How do you calculate PA in nutrition?

How the calculation worksBEE = 293 − 3.8 × age (years) + 456.4 × height (meters) + 10.12 × weight (kg)BEE = 247 − 2.67 × age (years) + 401.5 × height (meters) + 8.6 × weight (kg) ... Low active: PA = 1.12, when 1.4 ≤ PAL <1.6.Very active: PA = 1.54, when 1.9 ≤ PAL <2.5.Low active: PA = 1.14, when 1.4 ≤ PAL <1.6.More items...•

Is TDEE and EER the same?

What is EER? EER stands for Estimated Energy Requirement and it is a measure of how much energy (in kCal, kilocalories) you require during a typical day in order to preserve your current body mass. It is the same concept as the one denoted by TDEE (Total Daily Energy Expenditure).

Is BMR and EER the same?

BMR = EER / Activity Factor Hence, the interpretation of BMR and EER is different in terms of calculating values.

How accurate is EER?

[11] in a study on the accuracy of the DRI predictive equation for EER, which focused on girls aged 8-12 years. In their study, the average percentage error between EERDRI and TEEDLW was -5.8% ± 7.9%, with a percentage of accuracy of 70% at the individual level.

What is PA nutrition?

The Physical Activity Level categories were defined as sedentary (PAL 1.0-1.39), low active (PAL 1.4-1.59), active (PAL 1.6-1.89), and very active (PAL 1.9-2.5). > Physical Activity Coefficients (PA) for the various age groups that are used in the EER equations can be found here.

What is DRI in nutrition?

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are a set of reference values used to plan and assess nutrient intakes of healthy people. They are used widely in: Designing and evaluating research studies and results.

What affect does physical activity have on the PA factor?

Increased energy intake, resting metabolic rate, fat free mass, gait speed, global motor function, overall health related quality of life (HRQOL), physical HRQOL, higher levels of social functioning and reduced apathy were positively associated with PA.

What is BMR vs TDEE?

BMR vs TDEE While both tell you the number of calories your body needs, BMR and TDEE aren't exactly the same. BMR is short for basal metabolic rate (basal means forming or belonging to a bottom layer or base). TDEE stands for total daily energy expenditure.

How do you convert BMR to TDEE?

Now that you know your BMR, you can calculate your TDEE by multiplying you BMR by your activity level. Extra active = BMR x 1.9 (hard exercise 2 or more times per day, or training for marathon, or triathlon, etc.

What is a normal TDEE?

Your BMR makes up most of your daily calorie burn (TDEE) at approximately 60% to 70% of total calories for the average person.

What is activity coefficient?

An activity coefficient is a factor used in thermodynamics to account for deviations from ideal behaviour in a mixture of chemical substances.

What is the activity coefficient of a binary mixture?

Activity coefficients for binary mixtures are often reported at the infinite dilution of each component. Because activity coefficient models simplify at infinite dilution, such empirical values can be used to estimate interaction energies. Examples are given for water:

Who split the activity coefficient of an electrolyte into electric and statistical components?

The activity coefficient of the electrolyte is split into electric and statistical components by E. Glueckauf who modifies the Robinson–Stokes model.

What is the Gibbs free energy change for the reactions?

The Gibbs free energy change for the reactions, Δ rG, is equal to the difference between these sums and therefore, at equilibrium, is equal to zero.

What is physical activity level?

A person's physical activity level is a numeric method of expressing one's daily energy expenditure. Which is to say, it's a number given to what is done in a day. The amount of physical exertion in one day determines how many calories must be consumed in the same period to maintain activity and lose or gain weight as desired.

What is TDEE in fitness?

TDEE takes into account the number of calories used in day both at rest (BMR) and during physical activities. Again, accurate rating uses height, weight, age, body type and gender. Devices such a pedometer (which counts the number of steps taken in a day) can be used to reasonably determine TDEE.

Activity Coefficient: Definition

Equilibrium expressions for solutions are calculated assuming the expression applies to an ideal solution. Ideal solutions assume there is no interaction between ions once the ions are in solution. However, ion solutions do interact with other ions and solvents.

Causes of Non-Ideal Behavior

Ions in solution travel near other ions. So cations will encounter cations and anions. Cations are more attracted to anions than cations. Ions of opposite charges shield the effective charge of an ion as shown in this figure here. The effect is to make anions and cations less attracted to one another.

Sample Calculations

The calculation of pH and molar solubility are two examples where the activity coefficient has a measurable effect on a common calculation. A similar process is used for each.

What is the activity coefficient of a solution?

In solutions, the activity coefficient is a measure of how much a solution differs from an ideal solution —i.e., one in which the effectiveness of each molecule is equal to its theoretical effectiveness and thus the activity coefficient would be 1.

Why is the concentration of a substance not an accurate measure of its effectiveness?

The real concentration of a substance may not be an accurate measure of its effectiveness, because of physical and chemical interactions, in which case an effective concentration must be used , called the activity . The activity is given by the product of the…. liquid: Solutions of electrolytes.

Is concentration an indicator of chemical effectiveness?

The measured concentration of a substance may not be an accurate indicator of its chemical effectiveness, as represented by the equation for a particular reaction, in which case an activity coefficient is arbitrarily established and used instead of the concentration in calculations.

What is the activity coefficient of a solvent?

The activity coefficient (γ) describes the intermolecular interaction between solute and solvent. By changing the sample matrix, the activity coefficient will be altered, as will the partition coefficient and headspace sensitivity. The partition coefficient is inversely proportional to the vapor pressure and the activity coefficient of the analyte. Thus, the value of the partition coefficient could be decreased by increasing the value of the activity coefficient. A smaller partition coefficient is an indication of reduced solubility of the analytes in the matrix and increased concentration in the headspace.8

What are nonideal effects?

Clearly, nonideal effects have a major impact on the solubility of iron solids and on the formation of soluble iron complexes in seawater. While activity coefficients are one or less for ions in aqueous solution, activity coefficients for some other species, such as dissolved gases, may be greater than one.

What is the purpose of the activity coefficient?

In thermodynamics, the activity coefficient is used to decide the non-ideal conduct of a combination or takeoff from ideality as anticipated by Raoult's law. In a more actual sense, it characterizes the getting away from the propensity of the constitutive atoms from the combination.

What is the consistent B of CO2?

The estimation of the consistent b for CO2 is 0.11 at 10°C and 0.20 at 330°C, where b is the number of particles delivered from the separation of one atom of the disintegrated salt, b is the molality of the salt broke up in the water, φ is the osmotic coefficient of water, and the consistent 55.51 addresses the molality of water. In the above condition, the activity of a dissolvable (here water) is addressed as contrarily corresponding to the number of particles of salt versus that of the dissolvable.

Is deliberate grouping an exact pointer of synthetic viability?

The deliberate grouping of a substance may not be an exact pointer of its synthetic viability, as addressed by the condition for a specific response, in which case an action coefficient is discretionarily settled and used rather than the focus in computations.

Background

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) is the average dietary energy intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in healthy, normal weight individuals of a defined age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity consistent with good health.

IOM - Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) Equations

These corrections for children and adolescents have been debated by S. J. Woodruff, R. M. Hanning, and S. I. Barr in a paper in Obesity Reviews published January 1 2009.

Reference

Dietary Reference Intakes For Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids,Cholesterol, Protein,and Amino Acids, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, 2002 and 2005, THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 Link: www.nap.edu

image

How Much of Physical Activity Is recommended?

  1. be physically active several times a day in a variety of ways, particularly through interactive floor-based play; more is better. For those not yet mobile, this includes at least 30 minutes in pron...
  2. not be restrained for more than 1 hour at a time (e.g., prams/strollers, high chairs, or strapped on a caregiver’s back);
  1. be physically active several times a day in a variety of ways, particularly through interactive floor-based play; more is better. For those not yet mobile, this includes at least 30 minutes in pron...
  2. not be restrained for more than 1 hour at a time (e.g., prams/strollers, high chairs, or strapped on a caregiver’s back);
  3. When sedentary, engaging in reading and storytelling with a caregiver is encouraged; and
  4. have 14-17h (0-3 months of age) or 12-16h (4-11 months of age) of good quality sleep, including naps.
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Benefits and Risks of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior

  1. improve muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness;
  2. improve bone and functional health;
  3. reduce the risk of hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, various types of cancer (including breast cancer and colon cancer), and depression;
  4. reduce the risk of falls as well as hip or vertebral fractures; and
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Levels of Physical Activity Globally

  1. More than a quarter of the world’s adult population (1.4 billion adults) are insufficiently active
  2. Worldwide, around 1 in 3 women and 1 in 4 men do not do enough physical activity to stay healthy.
  3. Levels of inactivity are twice as high in high-income countries compared to low-income countries,
  1. More than a quarter of the world’s adult population (1.4 billion adults) are insufficiently active
  2. Worldwide, around 1 in 3 women and 1 in 4 men do not do enough physical activity to stay healthy.
  3. Levels of inactivity are twice as high in high-income countries compared to low-income countries,
  4. There has been no improvement in global levels of physical activity since 2001
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How to Increase Physical Activity?

  1. walking, cycling and other forms of active non-motorized forms of transport are accessible and safe for all;
  2. labour and workplace policies encourage active commuting and opportunities for being physically active during the work day;
  3. childcare, schools and higher education institutions provide supportive and safe spaces and …
  1. walking, cycling and other forms of active non-motorized forms of transport are accessible and safe for all;
  2. labour and workplace policies encourage active commuting and opportunities for being physically active during the work day;
  3. childcare, schools and higher education institutions provide supportive and safe spaces and facilities for all students to spend their free time actively;
  4. primary and secondary schools provide quality physical education that supports children to develop behaviour patterns that will keep them physically active throughout their lives;
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Who Response

  1. the development and implementation of national guidelines for physical activity for all age groups;
  2. establishing national coordinating mechanisms involving all relevant government departments and key non-government stakeholders to develop and implement coherent and sustainable policy and actions...
  1. the development and implementation of national guidelines for physical activity for all age groups;
  2. establishing national coordinating mechanisms involving all relevant government departments and key non-government stakeholders to develop and implement coherent and sustainable policy and actions...
  3. implementing community wide communication campaigns to raise awareness and knowledge of the multiple health, economic and social benefits of being physically active;
  4. invest in new technologies, innovation and research to develop cost effective approaches to increasing physical activity, particularly in low resource contexts;
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Overview

An activity coefficient is a factor used in thermodynamics to account for deviations from ideal behaviour in a mixture of chemical substances. In an ideal mixture, the microscopic interactions between each pair of chemical species are the same (or macroscopically equivalent, the enthalpy change of solution and volume variation in mixing is zero) and, as a result, properties of the mixtures can be expressed directly in terms of simple concentrations or partial pressures of the s…

Thermodynamic definition

The chemical potential, μB, of a substance B in an ideal mixture of liquids or an ideal solution is given by
where μ B is the chemical potential of a pure substance and xB is the mole fraction of the substance in the mixture.
This is generalised to include non-ideal behavior by writing

Experimental determination of activity coefficients

Activity coefficients may be determined experimentally by making measurements on non-ideal mixtures. Use may be made of Raoult's law or Henry's law to provide a value for an ideal mixture against which the experimental value may be compared to obtain the activity coefficient. Other colligative properties, such as osmotic pressure may also be used.
Activity coefficients can be determined by radiochemical methods.

Theoretical calculation of activity coefficients

Activity coefficients of electrolyte solutions may be calculated theoretically, using the Debye–Hückel equation or extensions such as the Davies equation, Pitzer equations or TCPC model. Specific ion interaction theory (SIT) may also be used.
For non-electrolyte solutions correlative methods such as UNIQUAC, NRTL, MOSCED or UNIFAC may be employed, provided fitted component-specific or model parameters are available. COSMO-R…

Link to ionic diameter

The ionic activity coefficient is connected to the ionic diameter by the formula obtained from Debye–Hückel theory of electrolytes:
where A and B are constants, zi is the valence number of the ion, and I is ionic strength.

Dependence on state parameters

The derivative of an activity coefficient with respect to temperature is related to excess molar enthalpy by
Similarly, the derivative of an activity coefficient with respect to pressure can be related to excess molar volume.

Application to chemical equilibrium

At equilibrium, the sum of the chemical potentials of the reactants is equal to the sum of the chemical potentials of the products. The Gibbs free energy change for the reactions, ΔrG, is equal to the difference between these sums and therefore, at equilibrium, is equal to zero. Thus, for an equilibrium such as
α A + β B ⇌ σ S + τ T

External links

• AIOMFAC online-model An interactive group-contribution model for the calculation of activity coefficients in organic–inorganic mixtures.
• Electrochimica Acta Single-ion activity coefficients

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