What is aleatoric music or chance music?
#Chance #Music or #Aleatoric Music is music where some element of the music is left to chance. This might be using cards, dice, computer generator, mathematical formulas, the I-Ching, or other methods to make musical decisions. In fact, the word "aleatory" comes from the Latin word alea meaning "dice."
What is the other name of chance music?
Alternative Titles: chance music, indeterminism. Aleatory music, also called chance music, (aleatory from Latin alea, “dice”), 20th-century music in which chance or indeterminate elements are left for the performer to realize.
What is aleatory music?
Written By: Aleatory music, also called chance music, (aleatory from Latin alea, “dice”), 20th-century music in which chance or indeterminate elements are left for the performer to realize.
Who coined the term aleatoric music?
The term became known to European composers through lectures by acoustician Werner Meyer-Eppler at the Darmstadt International Summer Courses for New Music in the beginning of the 1950s. According to his definition, "a process is said to be aleatoric ... if its course is determined in general but depends on chance in detail".
Why is chance music called aleatory?
Aleatoric music (also aleatory music or chance music; from the Latin word alea, meaning "dice") is music in which some element of the composition is left to chance, and/or some primary element of a composed work's realization is left to the determination of its performer(s).
What is the musical example of chance?
There are many different ways that a piece of music could contain elements of chance. For example, maybe the composer, (the person who wrote the music), will allow the performer to decide how long to play a certain note.
How do you make aleatoric music?
0:304:44Making Music With Dice - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipSo be careful anyway how does it work we could start by literally rolling dice we could generateMoreSo be careful anyway how does it work we could start by literally rolling dice we could generate some random notes for our melody. Then ad rhythms and chords to it ourselves to make it sound. Good.
What are chance operations in music?
A term introduced by John Cage for techniques that open the compositional process to chance, for example the tossing of a coin to determine pitches. See also indeterminate music.
What does aleatory mean in music?
aleatory music, also called chance music, (aleatory from Latin alea, “dice”), 20th-century music in which chance or indeterminate elements are left for the performer to realize.
Which of the following best describes aleatory music?
Which best describes a piece of aleatoric music? [ ] It is strictly organized.
What does the word aleatoric mean?
Definition of aleatoric : characterized by chance or indeterminate elements aleatoric music.
Which is an example of aleatoric music?
Pithoprakta by Iannis Xenakis (1956): With a title translating to "actions through probability," this aleatoric piece is conceptually inspired by the physics of gas molecules.
What is aleatoric composition?
Aleatoric Music or Aleatoric Composition is music where some element of the composition is left to chance. The term was devised by the French composer Pierre Boulez to describe works where the performer was given certain liberties with regard to the order and repetition of parts of a musical work.
What is a chance operation?
Chance operations are methods of generating poetry independent of the author's will. A chance operation can be almost anything from throwing darts and rolling dice, to the ancient Chinese divination method, I-Ching, and even sophisticated computer programs.
How is chance music created?
The first is the use of random procedures to produce a determinate, fixed score. The second is mobile form. The last is indeterminate notation, including graphic notation and texts (like playing music based on a drawing, rather than a traditional music score.
What is chance choreography?
development by Cunningham emotional implications, Cunningham developed “choreography by chance,” a technique in which selected isolated movements are assigned sequence by such random methods as tossing a coin.
What is aleatory music?
Full Article. Aleatory music, also called chance music, (aleatory from Latin alea, “dice”), 20th- century music in which chance or indeterminate elements are left for the performer to realize.
What is the indeterminate portion of aleatory music?
The indeterminate portion of aleatory music commonly occurs in two areas. The performers may be told to arrange the structure of the piece— e.g., by reordering its sections or by playing sections simultaneously as they wish.
What is 294D music?
294d), an early chance composition in which successive bars of the music are selected by rolling dice, and modified it with other compositions chosen with a program based on the Chinese oracle I Ching(Book of Changes). The second set of programs generated the 51 sound tracks on…
Who wrote Klavierstück XI?
Among notable aleatory works are Music of Changes (1951) for piano and Concert for Piano and Orchestra (1958), by the American composer John Cage, and Klavierstück XI (1956; Keyboard Piece XI ), by Karlheinz Stockhausen of Germany. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen, Corrections Manager.
What is aleatoric music?
Aleatoric music (also aleatory music or chance music; from the Latin word alea, meaning " dice ") is music in which some element of the composition is left to chance, and/or some primary element of a composed work's realization is left to the determination of its performer ...
What are some examples of aleatory music?
Other early European examples of aleatory music include Klavierstück XI (1956) by Karlheinz Stockhausen, which features 19 elements to be performed in a sequence to be determined in each case by the performer.
What is the name of the piece that Cage composed using chance procedures?
There has been much confusion of the terms aleatory and indeterminate/chance music. One of Cage's pieces, HPSCHD, itself composed using chance procedures, uses music from Mozart's Musikalisches Würfelspiel, referred to above, as well as original music.
What is the second type of indeterminate music?
In the second type of indeterminate music, chance elements involve the performance. Notated events are provided by the composer, but their arrangement is left to the determination of the performer. Karlheinz Stockhausen 's Klavierstück XI (1956) presents nineteen events which are composed and notated in a traditional way, but the arrangement of these events is determined by the performer spontaneously during the performance. In Earle Brown 's Available forms II (1962), the conductor is asked to decide the order of the events at the very moment of the performance.
What are stochastic processes in music?
Stochastic processes may be used in music to compose a fixed piece or may be produced in performance. Stochastic music was pioneered by Xenakis, who coined the term stochastic music. Specific examples of mathematics, statistics, and physics applied to music composition are the use of the statistical mechanics of gases in Pithoprakta, statistical distribution of points on a plane in Diamorphoses, minimal constraints in Achorripsis, the normal distribution in ST/10 and Atrées, Markov chains in Analogiques, game theory in Duel and Stratégie, group theory in Nomos Alpha (for Siegfried Palm ), set theory in Herma and Eonta, and Brownian motion in N'Shima.
What is open form in music?
Open form is a term sometimes used for 'mobile' or 'polyvalent' musical forms, where the order of movements or sections is indeterminate or left up to the performer. Roman Haubenstock-Ramati composed a series of influential "mobiles" such as Interpolation (1958).
Who created the term "alaatoric"?
The term became known to European composers through lectures by acoustician Werner Meyer-Eppler at the Darmstadt International Summer Courses for New Music in the beginning of the 1950s. According to his definition, "a process is said to be aleatoric ... if its course is determined in general but depends on chance in detail". Through a confusion of Meyer-Eppler's German terms Aleatorik (noun) and aleatorisch (adjective), his translator created a new English word, "aleatoric" (rather than using the existing English adjective "aleatory"), which quickly became fashionable and has persisted. More recently, the variant "aleatoriality" has been introduced.
Who was the composer of chance music?
John Cage. In the 20th century, chance music went from a novelty to serious business. American composers Charles Ives in the early 1900s and Henry Cowell in the 1930s emptied chance techniques. Composer, John Cage, was a pioneer of what he referred to as "Indeterminacy.".
Where does the word "aleatory" come from?
In fact, the word "aleatory" comes from the Latin word alea meaning "dice.". Musical dice games have been known for centuries, including a famous example attributed to no other but Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
What is indeterminacy in music?
Indeterminacy is a composing technique where some aspects of a musical work are left open to chance or to the performer's choice. Cage wrote that it's "the ability of a piece to be performed in substantially different ways.". There are three different types of chance music. The first is the use of random procedures to produce a determinate, ...
Who wrote the sheet music for the musical dice game?
Sheet Music from "Musical Dice Game" Attributed to Mozart. To compose without the least knowledge of Music so much German Waltzer of Schleifer as one pleases, by throwing a certain Number with two Dice". John Cage. In the 20th century, chance music went from a novelty to serious business.
Overview
Aleatoric music (also aleatory music or chance music; from the Latin word alea, meaning "dice") is music in which some element of the composition is left to chance, and/or some primary element of a composed work's realization is left to the determination of its performer(s). The term is most often associated with procedures in which the chance element involves a relatively limited number o…
History
Compositions that could be considered a precedent for aleatory composition date back to at least the late 15th century, with the genre of the catholicon, exemplified by the Missa cuiusvis toni of Johannes Ockeghem. A later genre was the Musikalisches Würfelspiel or musical dice game, popular in the late 18th and early 19th century. (One such dice game is attributed to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.) These games consisted of a sequence of musical measures, for which each …
Types of indeterminate music
Some writers do not make a distinction between aleatory, chance, and indeterminacy in music, and use the terms interchangeably. From this point of view, indeterminate or chance music can be divided into three groups: (1) the use of random procedures to produce a determinate, fixed score, (2) mobile form, and (3) indeterminate notation, including graphic notation and texts.
The first group includes scores in which the chance element is involved only in the process of co…
Open form music
Open form is a term sometimes used for 'mobile' or 'polyvalent' musical forms, where the order of movements or sections is indeterminate or left up to the performer. Roman Haubenstock-Ramati composed a series of influential "mobiles" such as Interpolation (1958).
However, "open form" in music is also used in the sense defined by the art historian Heinrich Wölfflin to mean a work which is fundamentally incomplete, represents an unfinished activity, or …
Stochastic music
Stochastic processes may be used in music to compose a fixed piece or may be produced in performance. Stochastic music was pioneered by Xenakis, who coined the term stochastic music. Specific examples of mathematics, statistics, and physics applied to music composition are the use of the statistical mechanics of gases in Pithoprakta, statistical distribution of points on a plane in Diamorphoses, minimal constraints in Achorripsis, the normal distribution in ST/10 and Atrées, Markov …
Film music
Examples of extensive aleatoric writing can be found in small passages from John Williams' score for the film Images. Other film composers using this technique are Mark Snow (X-Files: Fight the Future), John Corigliano, and others. Snow used digital samples of acoustic instruments "to merge starkly electronic timbres with acoustically based sounds, an approach developed extensively in his much celebrated music for The X-Files (1993–2002, 2016–18). Over the course of the series…
See also
• Aleatoricism
• Algorithmic composition
• Generative music
Further reading
• Lieberman, David. 2006. "Game Enhanced Music Manuscript." In GRAPHITE '06: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques in Australasia and South East Asia, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), November 29 – December 2, 2006, edited by Y. T. Lee, Siti Mariyam Shamsuddin, Diego Gutierrez, and Norhaida Mohd Suaib, 245–250. New York: ACM Press. ISBN 1-59593-564-9.