It is a nonsystemic organophosphate
Organophosphate
Organophosphates are a class of organophosphorus compounds with the general structure O=P(OR)₃. They can be considered as esters of phosphoric acid. Like most functional groups organophosphates occur in a diverse range of forms, with important examples including key …
Silverfish
A silverfish is a small, wingless insect in the order Zygentoma. Its common name derives from the animal's silvery light grey colour, combined with the fish-like appearance of its movements. However, the scientific name indicates the silverfish's diet consists of carbohydrates such a…
What is diazinon insecticide used for?
Diazinon is an insecticide that belongs to a group of chemicals known as organophosphates. Diazinon is used in agriculture to control insects on fruit, vegetable, nut and field crops. It is also used to make ear tags for cattle. Diazinon has been used in the United States since 1956. Before the cancellation of residential uses in 2004, ...
Is diazinon still used to kill wasps?
A bait form was used to control scavenger wasps in the western U.S. Diazinon is used in flea collars for domestic pets in Australia and New Zealand. Residential uses of diazinon were outlawed in the U.S. in 2004 but it is still approved for agricultural uses. An emergency antidote is atropine.
How does diazinon break down in the environment?
Bacteria, sunlight and other chemical reactions break down diazinon in the environment over time into other chemicals. After diazinon has been applied, some of the diazinon can escape into the surrounding air, a process called volatilization. Diazinon can be taken up by plants and moved throughout.
Is diazinon toxic to birds?
Diazinon is very highly toxic to birds, bees and most other insects. Studies show that diazinon is moderately toxic to fish and amphibians, and is only slightly toxic to earthworms.
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What will diazinon kill?
It is a nonsystemic organophosphate insecticide formerly used to control cockroaches, silverfish, ants, and fleas in residential, non-food buildings. Diazinon was heavily used during the 1970s and early 1980s for general-purpose gardening use and indoor pest control.
What is diazinon insecticide used for?
Pesticide uses Diazinon is the common name of an organophosphorus insecticide used to control pest insects in soil, on ornamental plants, and on fruit and vegetable field crops. Diazinon is sold under common trade names including Alfatox, Basudin, AG 500, Dazzel, Gardentox, and Knoxout.
Will diazinon kill roaches?
Diazinon is one of the most widely used pesticides around homes and gardens. More than 11 million pounds of the insecticide are applied in the United States each year. It is used to kill cockroaches in homes, grubs in lawns, and a number of other insects that attack garden plants.
Can you still buy diazinon?
Beginning today, consumers can no longer buy one of the most popular lawn and garden insecticides of all time. Retailers in the United States are prohibited from selling diazinon, a highly effective killer of a variety of yard pests such as ants and grub worms.
Is diazinon safe for gardens?
Last summer, the EPA published a draft risk assessment for diazinon which concluded that virtually all home uses of diazinon, including lawn and garden products, are unsafe by wide margins, even when used according to the label directions.
What has replaced diazinon?
A number of pyrethroids and permethrin-based insecticides can be used to substitute for diazinon, says Coby Long, insecticide brand manager at Syngenta. The only remaining producer of the active ingredient diazinon is Israel-based Makhteshim-Agan Industries.
Will diazinon kill spiders?
It also can be used to control exposed nuisance pests, including ants, cockroaches, earwigs, fleas, and spiders found outdoors around the home.
Will diazinon kill termites?
These toxicants were viewed as repellent because the treated area was sealed off with little termite mortality. Type II termiticides included diazinon, chlorpyrifos, chlordane, carbaryl. Theses toxicants were less repellent. Termites were killed or affected quickly.
Will diazinon kill bed bugs?
It also suggests that Malathion, Diazinon, and λ-cyhalothrin are ineffective against bed bugs in this region. We recommend that persons who involve in controlling this pest should be trained to use combination of effective insecticides against susceptible bed bugs.
How long is diazinon good for?
Half-lives range from 2 to 14 days. Low temperature and high oil content increase the persistence of diazinon in plants.
What is the best insecticide?
Our Top PicksBest Overall. BioAdvanced 3-in-1 Insect Disease & Mite Control. ... Best Bang for the Buck. Bonide (BND952) Insect Control Systemic Granules. ... Best Organic Spray. Natria 706230A Insecticidal Soap Organic Miticide. ... Best Concentrate. Trifecta Crop Control Super Concentrate All-in-One. ... Also Consider.
Is diazinon safe for dogs?
The organophosphate insecticide Diazinon has been reported to cause acute pancreatitis in dogs.
How does diazinon kill insects?
Diazinon is a contact insecticide which kills insects by altering normal neurotransmission within the nervous system of the insect. As mentioned above, diazinon inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) in cholinergic synapses and neuromuscular junctions.
What is the mechanism of action of diazinon?
Metabolism and mechanism of action. Diazinon functions as an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. This enzyme breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) into choline and an acetate group. The inhibition of AChE causes an abnormal accumulation of ACh in the synaptic cleft.
How is diazoxon broken down?
Diazoxon is further broken down by hydrolases in the microsomal and other subcellular functions within the liver (Reaction 3).
How long does it take for diazinon to show symptoms?
Symptoms of acute diazinon exposure develop in minutes to hours following exposure, depending on the exposure pathway. The initial symptoms of humans are nausea, dizziness, salivation, headache, sweating, lacrimation, and rhinorrhea.
What are the treatments for diazinon poisoning?
Common treatments for patients suffering from diazinon poisoning include: Assisted Breathing. Intravenous fluids (IV) Irrigation (washing of the skin and eyes)
When did diazinon become available?
Diazinon became available for mass use in 1955, while DDT production tapered. Before 1970, diazinon had issues with contaminants in its solution; but by the 1970s, alternative purification methods were used to reduce the residual, unwanted materials.
When was diazinon used?
Diazinon was heavily used during the 1970s and early 1980s for general-purpose gardening use and indoor pest control. A bait form was used to control scavenger wasps in the western U.S. Diazinon is used in flea collars for domestic pets in Australia and New Zealand.
What is the cause of diazinon poisoning?
Most of the signs and symptoms resulting from diazinon poisoning are due to the inhibition of an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase in the nervous system . This enzyme is also found in your red blood cells and a similar enzyme (plasma cholinesterase) is found in blood plasma.
How long does it take for diazinon to break down?
Diazinon is rapidly broken down to a number of different compounds. Diazinon is quickly broken down in a few hours to 2 weeks. Diazinon is rapidly broken down by most animals that eat it and is not likely to build up to high or dangerous levels in animals or plants that you might eat.
How long does diazinon stay in your system?
Diazinon has not been shown to accumulate in any tissues and most of the chemical is eliminated from the body within 12 days. Top of Page.
What is the most common test for exposure to organophosphorus insecticides?
The most common test for exposure to many organophosphorus insecticides, including diazinon, is to determine the level of cholinesterase activity in the red blood cells or plasma. It takes time for this enzyme to completely recover to normal levels following exposure.
How many NPL sites are there for diazinon?
Diazinon has been found in at least 25 of the 1,699 current or former NPL sites. Although the total number of NPL sites evaluated for this substance is not known, the possibility exists that the number of sites at which diazinon is found may increase in the future as more sites are evaluated.
What is the public health statement for diazinon?
It is one in a series of Public Health Statements about hazardous substances and their health effects. A shorter version, the ToxFAQs™, is also available. This information is important because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether other chemicals are present. For more information, call the ATSDR Information Center at 1 800-232-4636.
What is the name of the insecticide used to kill insects in soil?
Pesticide uses#N#Diazinon is the common name of an organophosphorus insect icide used to control pest insects in soil, on ornamental plants, and on fruit and vegetable field crops.#N#Diazinon is sold under common trade names including Alfatox, Basudin, AG 500, Dazzel, Gardentox, and Knoxout.
When did the EPA stop using diazinon?
The phase-out of Diazinon pest products actually began in 1988 , after large quantities of mass bird kills were linked to Diazinon treatments in large open areas. The EPA found Diazinon highly toxic to birds and banned its use in such areas as golf courses.
What pesticides are used to kill silverfish?
Before removal from the market in 2000 and 2005, Diazinon was the pesticide most widely used by homeowners to control a wide variety of soil, crop, and household pests including cockroaches, flies, fleas, spiders, and silverfish.
Is diazinon more effective than broad spectrum?
While specific-use pesticides are often more expensive, they are in many cases more effective than broad-spectrum pesticides like Diazinon.
Uses
Products
- Diazinon products are sold under many names and they are formulated as dusts, granules, liquids, concentrates, seed dressings and cattle ear tags.
Prevention
- Always follow label instructions and take steps to avoid exposure. If any exposures occur, be sure to follow the First Aid instructions on the product label carefully. For additional treatment advice, contact the Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222. If you wish to discuss a pesticide problem, please call 1-800-858-7378.
Mechanism
- Diazinon works by affecting the nervous system. Exposure to diazinon affects the chemicals that make the nervous system function properly. This results in a loss of control over the nervous system that eventually leads to the death of the insect.
Causes
- Diazinon exposure can also happen if you get it on your skin or breathe it in. Unless you work in an agricultural setting where diazinon is in use, being exposed in these ways is not likely.
Symptoms
- Diazinon exposure affects the nervous system of insects, people, and pets in the same basic way. However, the signs and symptoms from exposure may be different. Symptoms of diazinon exposure can happen within minutes or 12-24 hours after the exposure. The signs and symptoms from a brief exposure can last several days or even weeks. During this time, the body is replacin…
Toxicity
- Diazinon exposure, whether from ingestion, skin contact, or inhalation can result in nervous system health effects. These effects may include watery eyes, runny nose, drooling, loss of appetite, coughing, urination, diarrhea, stomach pain, and vomiting. Larger exposures can cause more severe signs and symptoms, including head and body tremors, muscle spasms or stiffnes…
Overview
Diazinon (IUPAC name: O,O-Diethyl O-[4-methyl-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl] phosphorothioate, INN - Dimpylate), a colorless to dark brown liquid, is a thiophosphoric acid ester developed in 1952 by Ciba-Geigy, a Swiss chemical company (later Novartis and then Syngenta). It is a nonsystemic organophosphate insecticide formerly used to control cockroaches, silverfish, a…
History
Diazinon was developed in 1952 by the Swiss company Ciba-Geigy (now Novartis) to replace the formerly dominant insecticide DDT. In 1939, the chemist Paul Hermann Müller from the then-independent Geigy company had discovered that DDT was effective against malaria-bearing insects. This capability made use of DDT important enough that Müller even received the 1948 Nobel Prize in Medicine.
Synthesis
According to the German Patent bureau, the industrial synthesis of diazinon is as follows:
β-isobutyrylaminocrotonic acid amine was cyclized with NaOR (R is either a hydrogen or aliphatic chain of 1 to 8 carbons) in a mixture of 0 to 100% by weight of water and an alcohol having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, above 90°C (but below the boiling point of the mixture used). Sodium pyrimidinolate was precipitated out in an inert solvent, such as benzene, with simultaneous rem…
Metabolism and mechanism of action
Diazinon functions as an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. This enzyme breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) into choline and an acetate group. The inhibition of AChE causes an abnormal accumulation of ACh in the synaptic cleft.
When diazinon enters the body, it is oxidatively decomposed to diazoxon, an or…
Removal of diazinon
To date, several methods such as electrochemistry, adsorption, enzymatic biodegradation, and photocatalysis have been tested for the elimination of diazinon from aqueous solutions. The removal of organophosphates (OPE) from water by adsorption techniques is regarded as one of the competitive methods because of its simple operation and low cost. Development of new adsorbents with high adsorption capacities is very important for removal of the OPE pollutants i…
Toxicity and effects on animals
Diazinon is considered to be of relatively high toxicity for vertebrates. The common method of administering diazinon is absorption although inhalation is possible as well. The observed toxification symptoms conform to other acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Symptoms are as follows:
• Colic
• Diarrhea and/or vomiting
Symptoms in humans
Intoxication of diazinon produces the following signs and symptoms:
• Eyes, ears, nose, and throat
• Cardiovascular
• Respiratory
• Nervous system
Efficacy and side effects
Diazinon is a contact insecticide which kills insects by altering normal neurotransmission within the nervous system of the insect. As mentioned above, diazinon inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) in cholinergic synapses and neuromuscular junctions. This results in abnormal accumulation of ACh within the nervous system. Diazinon, although a thiophosphoric ester, shares a common mechan…