Is Clostridium aerobic or anaerobic?
Most generalizations about Clostridium have exceptions. The clostridia are classically anaerobic rods, but some species can become aerotolerant on subculture; a few species (C carnis, C histolyticum, and C tertium) can grow under aerobic conditions. Most species are Gram-positive, but a few are Gram-negative.
Where is Clostridium sporogenes found?
Clostridium sporogenes is commonly isolated from soil, marine and fresh lake water sediment, preserved meat and dairy product, human intestines as well as human infections (3). Some strains are capable of producing bacteriocin-like substances that can inhibit other C. sporogenes strains (4).
Are sporogenes obligate anaerobes?
5. Metabolic processes C. sporogenes are obligate anaerobes, so they can neither utilize nor survive in the presence of oxygen.
Is Clostridium sporogenes Gram positive or negative?
Clostridium sporogenes are rod-shaped bacteria, typically linked in long chains, that are Gram-positive. The cell wall consists of a thick layer of peptidoglycan, a polymer of amino acids and sugar (21).
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Is Clostridium Sporogenes an strict anaerobic?
Clostridium sporogenes is an anaerobic, gram-positive bacillus that comprises a part of the normal intestinal flora.
Is Clostridium Sporogenes aerobic or anaerobic?
anaerobic bacteriumIntroduction. Clostridium sporogenes is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic bacterium and a significant agent of food spoilage, although, unlike its close relative C. botulinum, C.
Is Clostridium strictly anaerobic?
Clostridium is a genus of a group of strictly anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria, which have the ability to produce a special type of dormant cell, the endospore.
Are Clostridium strict Aerobes?
Clostridia are strictly anaerobic to aerotolerant sporeforming bacilli found in soil as well as in normal intestinal flora of man and animals. There are both gram-positive and gram-negative species, although the majority of isolates are gram-positive. Exotoxin(s) play an important role in disease pathogenesis.
Classification
Description and Significance
Genome Structure
- The Clostridium sporogenes DSM 795 genome, the first strain of C. sporogenes ever to be isolated, consists of a single circular chromosome 4.1 Mega-base pairs in length with an overall GC content of 27.81% (18). A total of 3,832 genes are encoded by the genome; 3,744 genes have been identified as protein coding via computational analysis (i.e. they contain an open reading fr…
Cell Structure
- Clostridium sporogenes are rod-shaped bacteria, typically linked in long chains, that are Gram-positive. The cell wall consists of a thick layer of peptidoglycan, a polymer of amino acids and sugar (21). Other components anchored in the cell wall, such as teichoic acid and proteins, protrude out of the peptidoglycan layer, giving the cell surface a rigid look. C. sporogenes exhibi…
Metabolic Processes
- C. sporogenes are obligate anaerobes, so they can neither utilize nor survive in the presence of oxygen. The bacterium obtains energy through the fermentation of amino acids, also known as Stickland fermentation (3) In the Stickland reaction an electron donor amino acid is oxidized into a carboxylic acid one carbon shorter than the original amino a...
Ecology
- Clostridium sporogenes is commonly isolated from soil, marine and fresh lake water sediment, preserved meat and dairy product, human intestines as well as human infections (3). Some strains are capable of producing bacteriocin-like substances that can inhibit other C. sporogenes strains (4). In the gut microflora of human, C. sporogenes converts tryptophan into indole and su…
Pathology
- Unlike Clostridium botulinum, C. sporogenes does not carry plasmids that are responsible for neurotoxicity (22). C. sporogenes toxins can induce hemorrhage in rabbit but not in other animals (10). Although isolated from many infections, the role of C. sporogenes as pathogen has been not yet determined. However, the highly proteolytic nature of C. sporogenes is thought to possibly a…
Medical Applications
- Due to its anaerobic nature and sporulation, C. sporogenes colonizes specific hypoxic areas of solid tumor when intravenously delivered into tumor-transplanted mice (16). Combined administration of C. sporogenes with enzyme for antitumor prodrug cleavage is currently being investigated as a promising and low-toxicity treatment in cancer therapy (14) (15)
Current Research
- Spores of C. sporogenes target the hypoxic core of a tumor and can cause the tumor to lyse as a reaction to simple reproduction and expansion of the bacteria. C. sporogenes can be effectively transformed with a plasmid expressing prodrug-converting enzyme (PCE) that cleaves nontoxic, pre-administered prodrug CB1954 into its cytotoxic form which lyses solid tumor at the hypoxic …
References
- ABIS Encyclopedia. “Clostridium sporogenes.” ABIS Encyclopedia. Regnum Prokaryote, n.d. Web. Bendheim, Paul E., et al. "Development of indole-3-propionic acid (OXIGON™) for alzheimer’s disease.” Journal of Molecular Neuroscience19.1-2 (2002): 213-217. Bergey, D. H., William B. Whitman, Paul De Vos, George M. Garrity, and D. Jones. "Genus I. Clostridium.” Bergey's Manual …