Chloroplast
- Chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are chlorophyll-containing organelles in plant cells; they play a vital role for life on Earth since photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts.
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What is the main function of the chloroplast?
the main function of chloroplast is to conduct photosynthesis with the help of chlorophyll. 2. The chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and with the help of carbon-di-oxide and water it produces sugar and release oxygen. What is in a chloroplast? In plants, photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, which contain the chlorophyll.
Why is the chloroplast like the kitchen?
- Ribosomes- Transmission.
- Cytoplasm- Windows/Air.
- The Nucleus- The Driver.
- Cell Membrane- Car Doors.
- Vacuole-Trunk.
- Golgi Apparatus- Tires.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum- Pipes and electrical wires.
Why chloroplast are called Kitchen House of the cell?
The chloroplast is called the kitchen of the cell. It is because this pigment helps the cells to prepare its own food by the process of photosynthesis. So, it essentially helps the plant to prepare its food just like how the kitchen helps you prepare your food.
Why are chloroplasts known as the kitchen of the cell?
- Nerve Cells- Neuron
- Muscle Cells
- Plant Cells- Companion cells present in the phloem tissue of plants and mainly takes part in the bi-directional transportation of food along the plant body.
What is a chloroplast?
A chloroplast is an organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis, which is the process by which energy...
Where are chloroplasts found?
Chloroplasts are present in the cells of all green tissues of plants and algae. Chloroplasts are also found in photosynthetic tissues that do not a...
Why are chloroplasts green?
Chloroplasts are green because they contain the pigment chlorophyll, which is vital for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll occurs in several distinct form...
Do chloroplasts have DNA?
Unlike most other organelles, chloroplasts and mitochondria have small circular chromosomes known as extranuclear DNA. Chloroplast DNA contains gen...
What are the organs of a plant?
Background Information: The leaves of a plant are the main photosynthetic organs and are involved in gas exchange and water transportation throughout a plant (Evans et al, 17). A leaf typically consists of an upper and lower epidermis, the mesophyll cells, veins, guard cells and stomata. The mesophyll cells contains spongey cells which have large gaps between each cell to allow oxygen and carbon dioxide circulation. The mesophyll cells contain palisade cells, which are located beneath the upper
Why is endosymbiosis important?
Endosymbiosis is important as it enables us to understand the evolution of eukaryotes from the common ancestor. This essay will focus on: the early evolution of our eukaryote ancestor during Precambrian period, plastids origin along the algae family due to second endosymbiosis; discuss the evidence that supports the theory, including further examples of endosymbiosis. The theory, as discussed by Lynn Margulis, states that mitochondria originated from α-proteobacteria bacterium which was engulfed
What is the process of photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is defined as the process by which green plants manufacture their food (organic compounds) making use of carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight. It is also the synthesis of carbohydrate from sunlight, water and CO2 by the green plants. It is an endergonic and anabolic process. Bacteria show an oxygenic photosynthesis as they do not use water and do not evolve oxygen. Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) evolved oxygen first time in evolution as they show oxygenic photosynthesis
What are the organelles of eukaryotes?
The cell nucleus is a double membrane‐bound organelle that contains the hereditary data of the cell bundled as chromatin. The nucleus is a trademark highlight of most eukaryotic cells. (Wiley,2017) Eukaryotic cells are unique and important as it consists of a variety of different organelles. These organelles are: “mitochondria
What are the functions of chloroplasts?
Several chloroplast signals including tetrapyrroles, carotenoid derivatives and bilins are involved in this intracellular communication. They are produced upon changes in environmental conditions and mediate the maintenance of the redox poise of the plastoquinone pool and the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system. These changes trigger the activation of a complex chloroplast kinase network and/or of thiol transducing pathways that result in chloroplast membrane remodeling and in changes in chloroplast and nuclear gene expression needed for optimal function and protection of the photosynthetic apparatus.
Why do chloroplasts lose their genes?
Compared with their cyanobacterial ancestors, chloroplasts have lost most of their genes, due to either gene loss or transfer to the nucleus. Therefore, many chloroplast multiprotein complexes are of dual genetic origin with nuclear and chloroplast-encoded subunits.
What is the function of a chloroplast signal recognition particle?
Chloroplast signal recognition particle (cpSRP) and its receptor are stunning examples of evolutionarily conserved components that serve to bind and target proteins to the thylakoid membrane. Unlike its cytosolic counterparts, which direct proteins cotranslationally to the endoplasmic reticulum and the cytoplasmic membrane in bacteria, cpSRP has a dual function. In addition to its cotranslational role in targeting chloroplast‐synthesized membrane proteins, a second structurally distinct form of cpSRP functions posttranslationally to target nuclear‐encoded l ight‐ h arvesting c hlorophyll‐binding proteins (LHCPs) to the thylakoid following their import into the chloroplast from the cytosol. The target of the posttranslational pathway is the translocase Alb ino3 (Alb3), which integrates LHCPs into the thylakoid membrane. Homologues of Alb3 in mitochondria (Oxa1p and Oxa2p) and bacteria (YidC) promote integration of membrane proteins into the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the cytoplasmic membrane, respectively. Studies of the Oxa1/Alb3/YidC gene family indicate that this family of proteins is functionally diverse, serving alone or in conjunction with other components to integrate some proteins while acting as a membrane chaperone for stable assembly of other membrane proteins. Based on biochemical, structural, and genetic studies, along with studies of SRP and Alb3 homologues, a more detailed model has begun to emerge for how these archaic targeting/integration components function to promote the biogenesis of photosynthetic complexes. The model reflects both conserved and unique functions that evolved to meet protein sorting requirements impacted by the endosymbiotic event that gave rise to chloroplasts from a cyanobacterial progenitor.
How many chloroplasts are there in a plant cell?
Chloroplasts are plastids, organelles peculiar to plants (Figure 1.6 ); there may be from 1 to 100 or more chloroplasts per cell. Chloroplasts are considerably larger than the average mitochondrion, being 4–10 µm in diameter, 1–2 µm thick, and bounded by an envelope of two closely juxtaposed membranes, the matrix within the inner membrane being the stroma ( Figure 1.6 ). Within stroma are flattened vesicles called thylakoids, the membranes of which have regions that are folded so that the contiguous membrane has a stacked appearance, referred to as the grana ( Figure 1.6 ). Energy conservation occurs across the thylakoid membranes, and light causes the translocation of protons into the internal thylakoid space (usually called the lumen). The chloroplast ATP synthase is part of the thylakoid membrane and is orientated with its ‘knobs’ on the stromal face of the membrane. Thus, the lumen space inside the thylakoid is the P-compartment and the stroma the N-compartment. The ATP and NADPH generated by photosynthetic phosphorylation is used by the CO 2 -fixing dark reactions of the Calvin cycle located in the stroma.
What is the term for the persistence of a chloroplast?
One of the best studied and impressively long, naturally occurring examples of chloroplast persistence, and function inside foreign cells are the algal chloroplasts taken up by specialized cells of certain sacoglossan sea slugs, a phenomenon called chloroplast symbiosis or kleptoplasty.
What is the developmental form of the plastid?
The chloroplast is a specialized developmental form of the plastid, which can also differentiate to other forms, such as the starch-containing amyloplasts of roots, or the pigment-containing chromoplasts of fruits.
How big is the genome of a chloroplast?
Compared with their cyanobacterial ancestors, chloroplasts have lost most of their genes. The size of the chloroplast genome varies between 100 and 200 kb for most plants, but both smaller and larger chloroplast genomes exist.