Who invented white-out (Liquid Paper)?
(1) Who invented "white-out" (Liquid Paper)? (2) If the US invaded Canada what side would Mexico take? I was offered a free car if I can answer these questions. (1) Liquid Paper was invented by Bette Nesmith in 1951. And yes, her son Mike was a member of the Monkees, a 1960s TV show.
What is the history of white out?
Who invented White Out? It was originally called "mistake out" and was the invention of Bette Nesmith Graham in 1951. Working as a typist, she often made mistakes and developed a white tempura paint using her kitchen and garage as laboratory.
Who invented Wite Out?
Johanknecht enlisted the help of his associate George Kloosterhouse, a basement waterproofer who experimented with chemicals, and together they developed their own correction fluid, introduced as "Wite-Out WO-1 Erasing Liquid". In 1971, they incorporated as Wite-Out Products, Inc.
What is the history of Wite-Out products?
In 1971, they incorporated as Wite-Out Products, Inc. The trademark "Wite-Out" was registered by the United States Patent and Trademark Office on February 5, 1974.
When was Liquid White Out invented?
Wite-OutProduct typeCorrection fluidIntroduced1966Related brandsLiquid Paper, Tipp-ExPrevious ownersWite-Out Products, Inc.Registered as a trademark inUS (1974)1 more row
What did Mike Nesmith invent?
Monkee iconoclast Michael Nesmith was the original inventor of MTV. Now he's moved on to online worlds. Occasional Monkee Michael Nesmith was awarded a patent on Christmas Day for a process that incorporates live video into a virtual environment.
Did Michael Nesmith mother invent white out?
1. Nesmith's mom invented whiteout. Nesmith was raised in Dallas by his mother, Bette Nesmith Graham, who invented the first correction fluid in 1956 while working as a typist. She turned her whiteout, Liquid Paper, into an office staple, selling the company to Gillette in 1979 for $47.5 million plus royalties.
What did Bette Nesmith Graham invent?
Liquid PaperBette Nesmith Graham / InventionsLiquid Paper is an American brand of the Newell Brands company marketed internationally that sells correction fluid, correction pens, and correction tape. Mainly used to correct typewriting in the past, correction products now mostly cover handwriting mistakes. Wikipedia
Did Michael Nesmith invent Liquid Paper?
Bette Nesmith Graham (March 23, 1924 – May 12, 1980) was an American typist, commercial artist, and the inventor of the correction fluid Liquid Paper. She was the mother of musician and producer Michael Nesmith of The Monkees....Bette Nesmith GrahamEducationHigh school graduateKnown forInvention of Liquid Paper6 more rows
Who founded Liquid Paper?
Bette Nesmith GrahamLiquid Paper / Inventor
How did Bette Nesmith invent Liquid Paper?
The Invention of Liquid Paper Bette Nesmith put some tempera water-based paint, colored to match the stationery she used, into a bottle and took her watercolor brush to the office. She used this to surreptitiously correct her typing mistakes, which her boss never noticed.
When did Bette Nesmith Graham invented Liquid Paper?
Graham became so devoted to her venture that she accidentally signed a letter at her job with the notation “The Mistake Out Company.” She was promptly fired, giving her a chance to become a full-time small business owner in 1958. That year she applied for a patent and changed the name to the Liquid Paper Company.
How old is Mickey Dolenz?
77 years (March 8, 1945)Micky Dolenz / Age
Who invented tippex?
Wolfgang DabischTipp-Ex correction paper was invented by Wolfgang Dabisch from Eltville, West Germany, who filed a patent in 1958 on Colored film for the correction of typing errors (German: Tippfehler). He subsequently founded a company of the same name.
Is Liquid Paper still made?
As a librarian, I thought you would find it interesting that Liquid Paper and Wite-Out are still very popular at our library—as a means for people to alter forms! Savvy folks will make liquid corrections with the stuff, type over the change, then make a photocopy, and presto!
Is Liquid Paper the same as white out?
"Liquid paper" and "white-out" are used as general terms in the United States, Canada, Australia, and some countries in the former USSR.
When did Mistake Out change to liquid paper?
She eventually began marketing her typewriter correction fluid as "Mistake Out" in 1956. The name was later changed to Liquid Paper when she began her own company. Mistake Out started the 1960s operating at a small loss, with Nesmith's home doubling as company headquarters.
Who bought liquid paper?
The Gillette Company said it had agreed to acquire the Liquid Paper Corporation for about $47.5 million in cash. Liquid Paper, which is privately held, earned more than $3.5 million on sales of $38 million in its fiscal year ended April 30. ^ "Dies at 56". Associated Press in The Tuscaloosa News. May 15, 1980.
When was Wite Out trademarked?
The trademark "Wite-Out" was registered by the United States Patent and Trademark Office on February 5, 1974. The application listed the date of "first use in commerce" as January 27, 1966. Early forms of Wite-Out sold through 1981 were water-based and hence water- soluble.
When did Wite Out start?
Wite-Out dates to 1966, when Edwin Johanknecht, an insurance -company clerk, sought to address a problem he observed in correction fluid available at the time: a tendency to smudge ink on photostatic copies when it was applied. Johanknecht enlisted the help of his associate George Kloosterhouse, a basement waterproofer who experimented ...
Who owns Wite Out?
The French corporation Société Bic acquired Wite-Out Products in 1992. In 2017, sales of Wite-Out grew nearly 10 percent globally with AdWeek suggesting that the increase in sales was due to artists using the fluid as paint.
What is a wite out?
US (1974) Wite-Out is a registered trademark for a brand of correction fluid, originally created for use with photocopies, and manufactured by the BIC corporation.
When was correction fluid invented?
One of the first forms of correction fluid was invented in 1956 by American secretary Bette Nesmith Graham, founder of Liquid Paper. With the advent of colored paper stocks for office use, manufacturers began producing their fluids in various matching colors, particularly reds, blues and yellows.
What are some synonyms for "white out"?
Synonyms by region. "Liquid paper" and "white-out" are used as general terms in the United States, Canada, Australia, and some countries in the former USSR. "Tipp-Ex" is used in most countries in Western Europe, Israel, and Indonesia. "Blanco" is used in France and Greece, "bianchetto" in Italy.
Why is correction fluid used as an inhalant?
Use of correction fluid as an inhalant can cause the heart to beat rapidly and irregularly, which can cause death.
What is correction fluid?
Correction fluid can be written on after it has dried. A correction fluid is an opaque, usually white fluid applied to paper to mask errors in text. Once dried, it can be handwritten or typed upon. It is typically packaged in small bottles, lids attached to brushes (or triangular pieces of foam) that dip into the fluid.
What is the Latin word for white paper?
In the English-speaking Caribbean the term "white-paper paste" and "white-out" are used. In Latin America, "liquid paper" (or just "liquid") is also the colloquial term over the formal Spanish term, "corrector". In Brazil, "liquid paper" is also the colloquial term over the formal Portuguese term, "branquinho".
What is the first phase of pigment mixing?
In the first phase, water will be filled into the main batch tank. The suspending agents and some of the ingredients will be added in this phase. Mixing is implemented at low rate for adequate dispersion. During the mixing, there is no air added into the mixture. In the second phase, pigment is in the process.
Is air added to pigment in mixing?
During the mixing, there is no air added into the mixture. In the second phase, pigment is in the process. It will be added in suitable amount into the water. Mixing is implemented at very high rate in this process which is different from the first phase.
Who was the co-inventor of the ethernet?
What the co-inventor of the ethernet learned from his mentor, Steve Jobs. She secured majored clients like General Electric and IBM and kept growing steadily. Within 10 years, she opened an automated plant and, by 1975, the company made 25 million bottles of Liquid Paper a year.
What did Bette Nesmith Graham do in the 1950s?
Like many women in the 1950s, Bette Nesmith Graham made a living as a secretary. But between her sub-par typing skills, her critical boss and the fact that she had to support herself and her young son Michael, she needed to find a way to hold onto her job. As a result, she invented Liquid Paper correction fluid, ...
When did Tipp Ex start producing fluid?
In 1965 , Tipp-Ex began producing its own fluid in Germany. A year later, George Kloosterhouse and Edwin Johanknecht, searching for a product that wouldn’t show up when a document was photocopied, developed Wite-Out.
How much did correction fluid sales grow?
Somehow, more than a decade on, it has kept its ground. According to the NPD Group, which tracks marketing data, sales of correction fluid grew 1 percent from 2017 to 2018, though they fell 7 percent the year before. (Correction tapes were flat, while correction pens are fading.)
What are correction fluids used for?
Of course, correction fluids are useful for things other than typewriting.
When did the liquid paper company start?
She was promptly fired, giving her a chance to become a full-time small business owner in 1958. That year she applied for a patent and changed the name to the Liquid Paper Company. Image. Graham formed the Liquid Paper Company in 1958, spawning a multimillion-dollar market.
What was the liquid paper?
The substance was Liquid Paper, the correction fluid that relieved secretaries and writers of all stripes from the pressure of perfection. Graham later brought it to market and was soon leading an international business, based in Dallas, that produced 25 million bottles of Liquid Paper a year at its peak, with factories in Toronto and Brussels.
How many bottles of liquid paper were produced in 1975?
By 1975, Liquid Paper was producing 25 million bottles a year and holding a vast share of a multimillion-dollar market that had spawned several competitors, like Wite-Out. Bette Graham was now wealthy, with fabulous jewelry and a Rolls-Royce.
Who invented liquid paper correction fluid?
Claim: Monkee Mike Nesmith’s mother was the inventor of Liquid Paper correction fluid. (she was divorced from Michael’s father in 1946 and remarried in 1964) came up with the idea of using a small bottle of tempera waterbase paint to correct her typing errors while she was an executive secretary with Texas Bank & Trust in Dallas in 1951. ...
Who sold liquid paper?
Liquid Paper was sold to the Gillette Corporation in 1979 for $47.5 million (plus a royalty on every bottle sold until the year 2000). Bette Nesmith Graham died in 1980, leaving half her fortune to her son Michael and half to philanthropic organizations. Last updated: 19 May 2011.
When did IBM change the name of liquid paper?
She supplied bottles of the fluid to other secretaries at her workplace (under the name “Mistake Out”) for several years; then, in 1956, she improved the formula, changed its name to “Liquid Paper,” and set out to trademark the name and patent her product. After IBM passed on her offer to sell Liquid Paper to them, ...
Who invented liquid paper?
Liquid Paper. In 1956, Bette Nesmith Graham invented the first correction fluid in her kitchen. Working as a typist, she used to make many mistakes and always strove for a way to correct them. Starting on a basis of tempera paint she mixed with a common kitchen blender, she called the fluid "Mistake Out" and started to provide her co-workers ...
When did Gillette reformulated liquid paper?
There were a number of studies linking fatalities to the trichloroethane contained in correction fluids, including Liquid Paper. In 1989, Gillette reformulated Liquid Paper such that it did not use trichloroethane. This was done in response to a complaint under California Proposition 65.
What is liquid paper?
Liquid Paper is an American brand of the Newell Brands company marketed internationally that sells correction fluid, correction pens, and correction tape. Mainly used to correct typewriting in the past, correction products now mostly cover handwriting mistakes.
Why is liquid paper toxic?
Liquid Paper came under scrutiny in the 1980s, due to concerns over recreational sniffing of the product. The organic solvent 1,1,1-trichloroethane was used as a thinner in the product. Liquid Paper containing this thinner was thought to be toxic and a carcinogen, but later studies have shown that although the thinner used was toxic there was no ...
Early Life
The Invention of Liquid Paper
- Bette Nesmith put some tempera water-based paint, colored to match the stationery she used, into a bottle and took her watercolor brush to the office. She used this to surreptitiously correct her typing mistakes, which her boss never noticed. Soon another secretary saw the new invention and asked for some of the correcting fluid. Graham found a green bottle at home, wrote "Mistak…
The Mistake Out Company
- She continued to refine her recipe in her kitchen laboratory, which was based on a formula for tempura paint she found at the local library, with assistance from a paint company employee and a chemistry teacher at a local school. In 1956, Bette Nesmith started the Mistake Out Company: her son Michael and his friends filled bottles for her customers. Nevertheless, she made little m…
Liquid Paper's Success
- She now had time to devote to selling Liquid Paper, and business boomed. At each step along the way, she expanded the business, moving her production out of her kitchen into her backyard, then into a four-room house. In 1962, she married Robert Graham, a frozen-food salesman who then took an increasingly active role in the organization. By 1967, Liquid Paper had grown into a millio…
Death and Legacy
- Despite increasing health issues, Bette Graham managed to wrest back control of the company and in 1979, Liquid Paper was sold to Gillette for $47.5 million and Bette's royalty rights were restored. Bette Nesmith Graham believed money to be a tool, not a solution to a problem. Her two foundations supported several ways to help women find new ways to earn a living, especially un…
Sources
- Baker Jones, Nancy. "Graham, Bette Clair McMurray." The Handbook of Texas. Dallas: The Texas State Historical Association, June 15, 2010.
- "Biographical Sketch of Bette Graham." Gihon Foundation.
- Chow, Andrew R. Overlooked No More: Bette Nesmith Graham, Who Invented Liquid Paper.The New York Times, July 11, 2018.
- Baker Jones, Nancy. "Graham, Bette Clair McMurray." The Handbook of Texas. Dallas: The Texas State Historical Association, June 15, 2010.
- "Biographical Sketch of Bette Graham." Gihon Foundation.
- Chow, Andrew R. Overlooked No More: Bette Nesmith Graham, Who Invented Liquid Paper.The New York Times, July 11, 2018.
- Graham, David A. "Who Still Buys Wite-Out, and Why?" The Atlantic, March 19, 2019.
Overview
Bette Nesmith Graham (March 23, 1924 – May 12, 1980) was an American typist, commercial artist, and the inventor of the correction fluid Liquid Paper. She was the mother of musician and producer Michael Nesmith of The Monkees.
Biography
Graham was born Bette Clair McMurray, in Dallas, Texas, to Jesse McMurray, an automotive supply company manager, and Christine Duval. She was raised in San Antonio and graduated from Alamo Heights High School. She married Warren Audrey Nesmith (1919–1984) before he left to fight in World War II. While he was overseas she had a child (Robert Michael Nesmith, born December 30, 1942). After Warren Nesmith returned home, they divorced (1946). Her father die…
Management style
From the start, Graham ran her company with a unique combination of spirituality, egalitarianism, and pragmatism. Raised a Baptist, Graham converted to Christian Science in 1942, and this faith inspired the development of her corporate "Statement of Policy". Part code of ethics, part business philosophy, it covered everything from her belief in a "Supreme Being" to a focus on decentralized decision making and an emphasis on product quality over the pursuit of profit. She also believe…
Legacy
Her only son, musician Michael Nesmith (best known as a member of The Monkees), inherited half of his mother's estate of over $50 million. A portion financed the Gihon Foundation which established the Council on Ideas, a think tank with a retreat center located north of Santa Fe, New Mexico active from 1990 to 2000 and devoted to exploring world problems. Additionally, a portion of Graham's estate financed the Betty Clair McMurray Foundation, which focuses on supporting …
Further reading
• Ethlie Ann Vare and Greg Ptacek (2002). Patently Female: From AZT to TV Dinners, Stories of Women Inventors and Their Breakthrough Ideas. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-02334-5.
• "Historical Inventors". LEMELSON-MIT. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
External links
• Bette Nesmith Graham, Liquid Paper Inventor
Overview
Composition
Wite-Out dates to 1966, when Edwin Johan, an insurance-company clerk, sought to address a problem he observed in correction fluid available at the time: a tendency to smudge ink on photostatic copies when it was applied. Johan enlisted the help of his associate George Kloosterhouse, a basement waterproofer who experimented with chemicals, and together they developed their own correction fluid, introduced as "Wite-Out WO-1 Erasing Liquid".
Abuse as an inhalant
Manufacturing process
- A correction fluid is an opaque, usually white fluid applied to paper to mask errors in text. Once dried, it can be handwritten or typed upon. It is typically packaged in small bottles, lids attached to brushes that dip into the fluid. The brush applies the fluid to the paper. Before the invention of word processors, correction fluid greatly facili...
Notable brands
- The exact composition of correction fluid varies between manufacturers, but most fluids are composed of an opacifying agent, a solvent and an adulterant 'fragrance' to discourage abuse. The opacifying agent can be composed of a mixture of titanium dioxide, latex, and other polymer resins. Thinner originally contained toluene, which was banned due to its toxicity. Later, it contai…