Which two factors does toxicity depend on?
- Form and innate chemical activity.
- Dosage , especially dose -time relationship.
- Exposure route.
- Species.
- Life stage, such as infant, young adult, or elderly adult.
- Gender.
- Ability to be absorbed.
- Metabolism.
What are the factors that influence toxicity?
Factors Influencing Toxicity A. Magnitude of exposure (i.e. "dose") B. Route and site of exposure C. Duration and frequency of exposure D. Latency of toxic response A) Exposure Magnitude (Dose)
How does form of a substance affect its toxicity?
Circadian rhythms (the time of day a drug or other substance is administered) The form of a substance may have a profound impact on its toxicity especially for metallic elements, also termed heavy metals. For example, the toxicity of mercury vapor differs greatly from methyl mercury. Another example is chromium.
How does the distribution of toxicants affect toxicity?
The distribution of toxicants and toxic metabolites throughout the body ultimately determines the sites where toxicity occurs. A major determinant of whether or not a toxicant will damage cells is its lipid solubility.
What determines where toxicity occurs in the body?
The distribution of toxicants and toxic metabolites throughout the body ultimately determines the sites where toxicity occurs. A major determinant of whether or not a toxicant will damage cells is its lipid solubility. If a toxicant is lipid-soluble it readily penetrates cell membranes. Many toxicants are stored in the body.
What is a toxicity hazard?
A toxic hazard may be defined as any substance which has the ability to cause harm or damage to living organisms. The term 'toxin' is often used synonymously with any poison, but should be reserved to mean any toxic chemical which originates from a biological organism.
What is the process of risk assessment used to determine quizlet?
What is the process of risk assessment used to determine? It determines the amount of risk associated with a particular hazard.
What makes something hazardous?
A substance is defined as hazardous if it has one or more of the following characteristics: flammable, corrosive, toxic, or reactive. Also, substances are defined as hazardous if they are specifically listed by regulation. For example, OSHA, EPA, and DOT publish lists of materials deemed hazardous.
What steps are involved in the assessment of risk related to chemicals?
The Risk Assessment StepsIdentify the chemicals and the hazards associated with the activity e.g. cleaning.Consider who might be affected and how they might be harmed.Evaluate the risks - what are you doing now and what further precautions are needed?Document and implement your findings.More items...
When assessing risk What are the two main factors to consider?
Assessing and Managing Risks Risk is made up of two parts: the probability of something going wrong, and the negative consequences if it does.
What are the three factors to consider when assessing risk?
While many individuals are involved in the process and many factors come into play, performing an effective risk assessment comes down to three core elements: risk identification, risk analysis and risk evaluation.
What are the 2 chemical hazards defined by OSHA?
Health hazards include, among others, chemicals that are carcinogens, toxics, reproductive toxins, irritants, corrosive, neurotoxins, hepatotoxins, and chemicals that damage the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes (29 CFR Section 1910.1200(c) and Appendix A).
What are two safety hazards?
Consult this guide of nine common safety hazards in the home to learn quick and simple solutions for keeping you and your loved ones out of harm's way....Falls. Injuries due to falls are one of the most common household hazards. ... Fires. ... Carbon monoxide. ... Choking. ... Cuts. ... Poisoning. ... Strangling. ... Drowning.More items...
What are the two separate types of chemical hazards?
In the workplace, we find two types of chemical hazards: health hazards and physicochemical hazards.
How can we evaluate toxicity and risk?
Evaluation of toxicity involves two steps: hazard identification and dose-response evaluation. Hazard identification includes a description of the specific forms of toxicity (neurotoxicity, carcinogenicity, etc.)
What factors are important to assess in the risk assessment of chemical use?
To be more specific, the risk of a chemical depends on the following 2 factors:The inherent toxicity of the chemical (hazard);How much of a chemical is present in an environmental medium (e.g., water, soil, air) and how much contact a person or ecological receptor has with the chemical substance (exposure).
What are the components of risk management in toxicology?
The risk-assessment process integrates many disciplines of toxicology. It has both qualitative and quantitative components and consists of four general steps: hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization (NRC 1983, 1994).
What are the factors that affect the production of poisons?
Climatic conditions such as temperature, humidity and nature and intensity of light also play an important role in the production of poisons due to their effect on metabolic activity. The alkaloidal contents are lower in rainy as compared to a dry spell.
Why are some plants poisonous?
Some plants may become poisonous when they are contaminated by fungi and fungi may liberate the toxic principles of plants.
What are the taxonomic differences between stages of growth?
Taxonomic Differences 2. Stage of Growth 3. Condition of Plant 4. Soil and Cultivation 5. Climatic Conditions 6. Part of the Plant 7. Use of Nitrogenous Fertilizers and Weedicides 8. Host Factors. Factor # 1.
How does a toxic substance produce its toxic effects?
A toxic substance produces its toxic effects after its interaction with appropriate receptors of the organism. The effect is directly dependent on the concentration of the chemical at the target site and concentration at the target site is related to the amount (dose) of the chemical administered.
Why is the toxicity of metals increasing?
The increase in toxicity of metals with respect to decrease in hardness of water has been attributed to alteration in fish gill permeability caused by the calcium content of water . The suspended and dissolved solids, which affect conductivity of water, also affect the toxicity of chemicals.
How are aquatic animals exposed to chemicals?
Aquatic animals are naturally exposed to chemicals and wastes present in water, sediment and food items. Water soluble toxicants are more readily available to organisms than water insoluble chemicals that may be tightly absorbed, or otherwise bound to suspended particles or organic matter. Water soluble chemicals may enter an organism through integument, mouth or gills. Chemicals concentrated in food items may be ingested and absorbed through the alimentary canal.
How do absorbed chemicals enter the body?
Adsorbed chemicals may also enter the body through the general body surface and gills as they gradually dissociate from particles to water in immediate contact with these areas. The chemical produces more rapid and immediate effect when given by intravenous route (injection). Besides the routes mentioned above a toxicant may also gain access to the body of an organism by inhalation or by intra-peritoneal, intra-musculer and subcutaneous injections.
What is species specific toxicity?
The affected and unaffected cells and tissues may be in the same or different organisms. In the latter case, the chemical is called species- specific in its selective toxicity. Selective toxicity results from biological diversity and variations in the response of living cells and tissues to different chemicals.
What determines the nature of a chemical reaction?
The nature of chemical reaction is determined by the functional groups of the substance and its toxicity is a response of organisms consequent upon reaction between the compound and certain part of the organism. The non-polar (lipophilic) confounds are highly soluble in lipids and other organic solvents.
What is the concentration of a chemical required to kil 50% of the test organisms?
The concentration of the chemical required to kil 50% test organisms is called LC 50 or LD 50 and expressed as 24 hr- LC 50, 48 hr-LC 50 or 96 hr-LC 50. For example, 96 hr-LC 50 is the concentration of a chemical that is lethal to 50% of the test organisms in 96 hr. Obviously, the safe concentration, which permits successful reproduction, growth and all other normal life processes in the organisms natural environment is usually much lower that LC 50.
What is the relationship between dose and response?
A dose-response relationship described the effect on an organism as different levels of exposure to a pollutant or other hazardous substance.
What is the difference between smoking cigarettes and living near a factory that releases chemicals into the water?
The difference between a social hazard, such as smoking cigarettes, and living near a factory that releases chemicals into the water, is that smoking cigarettes is a lifestyle choice that an individual makes; living near a factory that releases chemicals into the water is something you don't have control over.
Why does alcohol harm a developing fetus?
Alcohol use may use damager to a developing fetus because they are more sensitive to harmful chemicals than adults. This is because they are smaller and their organ systems are still developing.
What is dose in biology?
A dose is the amount of a substance an organism is exposed to.
Why do people who don't smoke have cancer?
Someone who eats healthy food and does not smoke may still develop a disease such as cancer because certain genetic mutations can make people more likely to develop cancer than others.
What is the definition of toxicity?
Toxicity depends not only on the inherent properties of a chemical, but also on. size of administered dose. Dose =. total amount or mass of material to which an individual is exposed (e.g. milligrams or grams) Dosage =.
Do individuals respond similarly to toxicants?
Within a population, most individuals respond similarly to any. given dose of toxicant . However, subsets of individuals will display either heightened. susceptibility or resistance (distribution of responses is. typically bell-shaped curve):
Is 10 grams of a chemical more toxic in a single dose than if?
i.e. 10 grams of a chemical is more toxic in a single dose than if. administered over 10 days: Subdividing or fractionating doses of toxicants usually. reduces toxic effect. Example Effect of "Dose Fractionation". 1g per day x 10 days = mouse tolerates treatment.
What is toxicology?
Toxicology depends on what the substance. is and how much substance is needed to cause harm. The role of the individual. People respond differently to environmental hazards. Some people are more sensitive than others to environmental. hazards due to health issues, genetic makeup, age, sex, and. weight.
What are the types of hazards?
The process of measuring risk. Types of hazards. Hazards are factors that threaten or are harmful to humans. Biological hazards include pathogens such as bacteria and. viruses. Social hazards result from where we live, our jobs, or our lifestyles. Smoking or living near pollution are examples of social. hazards.
Why are emerging diseases dangerous?
Emerging diseases are dangerous because vaccines have not been developed and. because humans have little to no resistance to the pathogens. Explain how climate change may encourage an increase in the spread of disease. As global temperatures rise, tropical diseases could expand into areas that used to.
What are the three types of tests you could do at your house to protect against chemical hazards?
List three types of tests you could do at your house to protect against chemical hazards. Radon test for radon gas, carbon monoxide detectors for carbon. monoxide gas, look or test for lead paint or lead sources in the home. .Explain why citizens of one town might need to be concerned with the chemical hazards.
What is chemical testing?
testing to determine the effects of the chemical. They may also investigate the
Do diseases have environmental factors?
Many diseases have both genetic and environmental factors.
Does alcohol harm your sensitivity?
Sensitivity can vary with age and weight. Although the alcohol may not harm the
