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what was the open door policy and how did it come about

by Mr. Osborne Huels DDS Published 3 years ago Updated 2 years ago

The Open Door Policy was a proposal put forth by the United States in 1899 intended to ensure that all countries be allowed to trade freely with China. The Open Door Policy was circulated among Great Britain

Great Britain

Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of 209,331 km², it is the largest of the British Isles, the largest European island, and the ninth-largest island in the world. In 2011, Great Britain had a population of about 61 …

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, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and Russia by U.S. Secretary of State

United States Secretary of State

The secretary of state is a senior official of the federal government of the United States of America, and as head of the United States Department of State, is principally concerned with foreign policy and is considered to be the U.S. government's minister of foreign affairs.

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John Hay.

The Open Door policy was a statement of principles initiated by the United States
the United States
The United States, officially United States of America, abbreviated U.S. or U.S.A., byname America, is a country in North America, a federal republic of 50 states.
https://www.britannica.com › place › United-States

United States | History, Map, Flag, & Population - Encyclopedia Britannica

 in 1899 and 1900. It called for protection of equal privileges for all countries trading with China and for the support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity.

Full Answer

How did the Open Door Policy come about and why?

The open door policy started in 1898 when the united states was worried about losing their trade with china. … The open Door Policy says that all European nations, and the United States may trade with China equally and no imperialist country is stronger or more influential than the other.

Why did the United States establish the Open Door Policy?

The main motivation that caused the United States to pursue the Open Door policy in China was its desire for economic gain. The American policy was also motivated by a desire for more power. In the late 1800s, China was being dominated by European countries.

What was the open door policy intended to do?

The Open Door policy was a statement of principles initiated by the United States in 1899 and 1900. It called for protection of equal privileges for all countries trading with China and for the support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity. The statement was issued in the form of two circulars (diplomatic notes), dispatched by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay to Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and Russia.

Why did the US announce the Open Door Policy?

Proposed by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay and supported by President William McKinley, the Open Door Policy formed the foundation of U.S. foreign policy in East Asia for more than 40 years. The Open Door Policy was a proposal put forth by the United States in 1899 intended to ensure that all countries be allowed to trade freely with China.

What was the open door policy and how did it come about quizlet?

What was the Open Door Policy? Was the Secretary of State in 1899; dispatched the Open Door Notes to keep the countries that had spheres of influence in China from taking over China and closing the doors on trade between China and the U.S. Germany, Great Britain, France, Russia, Japan, U.S. 1.

What was the purpose of the open door policy quizlet?

Main goal of this policy? To keep china from being divided up (in european spheres of influence) , and to create a cooperative collective system, protecting Chinese markets.

Why was the Open Door Policy created?

US Secretary of State John Hay created the Open Door Policy in 1899/1900 in order to allow the US, Japan, and select European countries equal trade access to China, a country that previously had no trade agreements.

What brought about the Open Door Policy in China?

In 1922, the U.S.-driven Washington Naval Conference resulted in the Nine-Power Treaty reaffirming the Open Door principles. In reaction to the Mukden Incident of 1931 in Manchuria and the Second Sino-Japanese War between China and Japan in 1937, the United States intensified its support of the Open Door Policy.

What was the Open Door policy?

The Open Door policy was a statement of principles initiated by the United States in 1899 and 1900. It called for protection of equal privileges fo...

What countries were involved in the Open Door policy?

The Open Door policy was drafted by the United States about activity in China. The policy supported equal privileges for all the countries trading...

When was the Open Door policy in effect?

The Open Door policy began with the issuance of a circular (diplomatic note) by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay to Great Britain, Germany, France,...

What was the significance of the Open Door policy?

The Open Door policy—first initiated in 1899, with a follow-up missive in 1900—was significant in its attempt by the United States to establish an...

What led to the demise of the Open Door policy?

The Open Door policy was doomed by changes on the international stage in the mid-20th century. In particular, Japan’s defeat in 1945 in the Second...

What is the open door policy?

The Open Door Policy was a proposal put forth by the United States in 1899 intended to ensure that all countries be allowed to trade freely with China. The Open Door Policy was circulated among Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and Russia by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay.

Why did Hay circulate the Open Door Policy?

government was taking extreme measures to stop Chinese immigration to the United States. For example, the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 had imposed a 10-year moratorium on the immigration of Chinese laborers, effectively eliminating opportunities ...

What was the impact of the embargoes on Japan?

further tightened its embargoes on oil, scrap metal, and other essential commodities exported to Japan. The embargoes contributed to Japan’s declaration of war against the United States hours before the December 7, 1947, attack on Pearl Harbor pulled the United States into World War II .

What was the purpose of the Yangtze Agreement?

Intended to halt Russia’s imperialistic expansion in Eastern Asia , the Anglo-Japanese Alliance shaped British and Japanese policy in Asia until the end of World War I in 1919.

What was the result of the 1922 Washington Naval Conference?

In 1922, the U.S.-driven Washington Naval Conference resulted in the Nine-Power Treaty reaffirming the Open Door principles. In reaction to the Mukden Incident of 1931 in Manchuria and the Second Sino-Japanese War between China and Japan in 1937, the United States intensified its support of the Open Door Policy.

What was the importance of Deng Xiaoping's Special Economic Zones?

During the 1980s, Deng Xiaoping’s Special Economic Zones allowed the modernization China’s industry needed to attract foreign investments. Between 1978 and 1989, China rose from 32nd to 13th in the world in export volume, roughly doubling its overall world trade.

Why did the United States want to expand its presence in Asia?

Having recently acquired control of the Philippine Islands and Guam in the Spanish–American War of 1898, the United States hoped to increase its own presence in Asia by expanding its political and commercial interests in China. Fearing it might lose its chance to trade with the lucrative markets of China if the European powers succeeded in ...

When was the open door policy first adopted?

The Open Door concept was first seen at the Berlin Conference of 1885, which declared that no power could levy preferential duties in the Congo. As a concept and policy, the Open Door Policy was a principle that was never formally adopted via treaty or international law.

Why did Rockhill create the Open Door Policy?

As a response, William Woodville Rockhill formulated the Open Door Policy to safeguard American business opportunities and other interests in China.

What was the US government protesting about the Russian incursion into Manchuria after the Boxer Rebellion?

In 1902, the US government protested that the Russian incursion into Manchuria after the Boxer Rebellion was a violation of the Open Door Policy. When Japan replaced Russia in southern Manchuria after the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905) the Japanese and American governments pledged to maintain a policy of equality in Manchuria. In 1905-1907 Japan made overtures to enlarge its sphere of influence to include Fujian. Japan was trying to obtain French loans and also avoid the Open Door Policy. Paris provided loans on condition that Japan respect the Open Door principles and not violate China’s territorial integrity.

What is Uncle Sam's open door policy?

The Open Door Policy ( Chinese: 門戶開放政策) is a term in foreign affairs initially used to refer to the policy established in the late 19th century and the early 20th century that would allow for a system ...

Why did Britain and Germany sign the Yangtze Agreement?

On October 6, 1900, Britain and Germany signed the Yangtze Agreement to oppose the partition of China into spheres of influence . The agreement, signed by Lord Salisbury and Ambassador Paul von Hatzfeldt, was an endorsement of the Open Door Policy. The Germans supported it because a partition of China would limit Germany to a small trading market, instead of all of China.

How did each country try to evade Hay's request?

In reply, each country tried to evade Hay's request by taking the position that it could not commit itself until the other nations had complied. However, by July 1900, Hay announced that each of the powers had granted its consent in principle. Although treaties after 1900 referred to the Open Door Policy, competition continued abated among the various powers for special concessions within China for railroad rights, mining rights, loans, foreign trade ports, and so forth.

When did China open its doors?

In China's modern economic history, the Open Door Policy refers to the new policy announced by Deng Xiaoping in December 1978 to open the door to foreign businesses that wanted to set up in China.

What is Open Door Policy ?

According to open door policy, the doors of the offices of superiors or the management (including the CEO) must remain open for the employees to have an easy access in cases of queries. The team members should have the liberty to walk up to their team leaders and discuss issues with them on an open forum.

Why is an open door policy important?

Open door policy is essential for effective communication, proper feedbacks and better output.

Why is transparency important in the workplace?

The employees must have a cordial relation with their superiors and the management for smooth flow of information and better understanding at workplace. Transparency is essential at all levels in the hierarchy to avoid conflicts and unnecessary disagreements. No one should feel neglected at work. Problems arise when queries remain unattended and bosses do not have time for their team members.

What are the advantages of an open door policy?

Advantages of an Open Door Policy. Open door policy encourages effective communication between the employee and the management. The employees do not feel left out at the workplace as they know there is someone to support them always at the time of crisis.

Does the Hitler approach work?

Gone are the days when people used to fear their bosses. The “Hitler approach” does not work in the current scenario. The management must respect the decisions of the employees to expect the same in return. The management must make the employees feel indispensable for the organization and should lend a sympathetic ear whenever required.

How Was the Open Door Policy Implemented?

In effect, there’d be an “open door” to Chinese trade, and one country couldn’t close the door to another country. President McKinley was concerned the US would be forced out of the Chinese trade by Japan and other European countries, and he wanted a policy that explicitly protected the US’s right to continue trading with China.

When did the US support the Open Door policy?

During the war between China and Japan that began in 1937 , the US continued to strenuously support the Open Door Policy and increased embargoes on many commodities to Japan as a result of Japan not following the policy. The Open Door Policy remained in effect until Japan’s defeat in WWII in 1945 and the end of the Chinese civil war in 1949.

What Was the Open Door Policy in China?

Looking to learn more about the Open Door Policy? The Open Door Policy was an important policy that affected Asian, European, and US trade for decades and even contributed to the Japanese/American conflict in WWII.

How long did the open door policy last?

The Open Door Policy lasted nearly 50 years, until the communist party’s 1949 victory in China’s civil war. In the rest of the guide, we’ll dive deeper into the specifics of the Open Door Policy. We’ll discuss why the Open Door Policy was created, how it was established and maintained, and what its impacts were.

Why did the US open doors?

US Secretary of State John Hay created the Open Door Policy in 1899/1900 in order to allow the US, Japan, and select European countries equal trade access to China, a country that previously had no trade agreements. The Open Door Policy lasted nearly 50 years, until the communist party’s 1949 victory in China’s civil war.

What was the purpose of Hay's notes?

The purpose of Hay’s notes was to grant all the major powers equal access to Chinese trade and reduce the influence of countries that already had an especially large hold in China (such as Japan and Russia) so they couldn’t force other countries (particularly the United States) out of the Chinese market.

Did Hay agree to the Open Door policy?

None of the countries Hay spoke with formally agreed to the Open Door Policy. However, none explicitly opposed it, and the European countries unofficially supported the plan, so Hay announced that an agreement had been reached, and the Open Door Policy became the de facto trade policy in China. In 1921/1922, after challenges to ...

Who proposed the open door policy?

In 1899, John Hay , the Secretary of State under President McKinley, proposed an Open Door Policy towards China for all countries. In what would later be called the 'Open Door Note,' he wrote to each country. The 'Open Door Note' was a message arguing for Hay's Open Door Policy. Under this policy, no country would gain dominance in China, and economic trade would be free and open to all parties. The Chinese government would be free to regulate trade and create tariffs without giving any special advantage to any one government.

Why did the Chinese resent the Open Door policy?

Both Chinese citizens and their government resented the Open Door Policy because it had not taken into consideration their feelings or sovereignty. Their resentment led to the Boxer Rebellion, which was put down by international forces, and led to Hay's reissuing of the 'Open Door Notes' - statements that emphasized America's willingness to use force in the pursuance of trade.

What were imperialist countries starting to vie for control over?

Example: Since the Chinese government was in a weakened state by the end of the 19th century, imperialist countries were starting to vie for control over it.

What was the period of imperialism?

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, countries were engaged in a widespread scramble to expand their colonies around the world. This aggressive economic and political push was known as the Age of Imperialism. For example, the French, Belgians, Dutch and British had moved into the Middle East, Africa and Asia. Japan had assumed power over the Korean peninsula, and the United States was exerting control over Latin America and the Asian Pacific. In retrospect, it looked just like a mad dash to see which nation could acquire the most territorial possessions.

Which country did all empire building powers want to control?

One country that all empire-building powers wanted to control was China. During the late 19th century, the Chinese government was in a fragile state, and different countries had designated spheres of influence inside of China. Spheres of influence are areas of economic and political control.

Was China included in the Open Door Policy?

Example: Ironically, China itself was not included in the creation of the Open Door Policy.

Did Hay accept the Open Door Policy?

He even began to refer to the Open Door Policy as an actual policy and requirement, even though nobody had signed it. The funny thing is, some of the other European powers began referring to the Open Door Policy as if it were an actual international policy, even though they hadn't agreed to anything officially!

Where did the Open Door Policy come from?

In addition to John Hay's contribution, consisting primarily of a series of diplomatic communications or "notes" sent to the involved nations, the original formulation of the Open Door Policy came from William Woodville Rockhill.

What was the importance of the Open Door Policy?

The importance of the Open Door Policy, drafted in part by the United States Secretary of State John Hay between 1899 and 1900, was that it proposed an open and free market for all interested nations with regard to trade with China.

What was Hay's goal in the Open Door policy?

Hay hoped that the Open Door Policy would help to build the U.S. economy while also decreasing the tension between those foreign powers already engaged in the Asian trade market. There were concerns that the established foreign trading powers within China would develop into impenetrable individual spheres of influence, or de facto colonies.

What was the purpose of the Open Door policy?

The purpose of the Open Door policy was to provide the United States with access to trade with China.

Who sent the Open Door Note to all the major powers of Europe?

In 1899, John Hay who was U.S. Secretary of State had send the Open Door Note to all the major powers of Europe proposing this policy.

Which treaties outlined the principle that all countries should have equal access to any of the ports open to trade in China?

The principle that all countries should have equal access to any of the ports open to trade in China had been outlined in the Anglo-Chinese treaties of Nanjing and Wangxia.

Why was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 created?

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was developed to help give civil rights to the Asian Americans. Please select the best answer from the choices provi …

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Overview

The Open Door Policy (Chinese: 門戶開放政策) is the United States diplomatic policy established in the late 19th and early 20th century that called for a system of equal trade and investment and to guarantee the territorial integrity of Qing China. The policy was enunciated in US Secretary of State John Hay's Open Door Note, dated September 6, 1899 and circulated to the major European powers. I…

Background

The theory of the Open Door Policy originated with British commercial practice, as reflected in treaties concluded with the Qing dynasty China after the First Opium War (1839–42) which included Most favored nation provisions designed to keep any one nation from gaining an advantage. The concept was seen at the Berlin Conference of 1885, which declared that no power could levy preferentia…

History

During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895, China faced an imminent threat of being partitioned and colonized by imperial powers with a presence in China (which included France, Germany, Britain, Italy, Japan, and Russia). After winning the Spanish–American War of 1898, with the newly acquired territory of the Philippine Islands, the United States increased its Asian presence and expected to further its commercial and political interests in China. It felt threatened by other po…

Applications in 20th and 21st centuries

Scholars such as Christopher Layne in the neorealist school have generalized the use of the term to applications in 'political' open door policies and 'economic' open door policies of nations in general, which interact on a global or international basis.
William Appleman Williams, considered as the foremost member of the "Wisconsin School" of diplomatic history, departed from the mainstream of US historiography in the 1950s by arguing t…

See also

• New Imperialism § China
• Boxer Rebellion
• Russian invasion of Manchuria
• Economic history of China before 1912

References and further reading

• Hayford, Charles W. (1996), "The Open Door Raj: Chinese-American Cultural Relations, 1900-1945", in Cohen, Warren (ed.), Pacific Passage" The Study of American-East Asian Relations on the Eve of the Twenty-first Century, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 139–162, ISBN 9780231104067 State-of-the-field essay.
• Hu, Shizhang (1995). Stanley K. Hornbeck and the Open Door Policy, 1919-1937. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-29394-5.

External links

• Text of the First Open Door Note
• Text of the First and Second Open Door Note
• "Milestones: Secretary of State John Hay and the Open Door Policy in China" (U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian) [2]

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      receivinghelpdeskask
      • select * from `posts` where `published_at` <= '2025-06-11 16:52:37' and `slug` = 'what-was-the-open-door-policy-and-how-did-it-come-about' and `posts`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
        3.24ms/app/Providers/RouteServiceProvider.php:54receivinghelpdeskask
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2025-06-11 16:52:37
        • 1. what-was-the-open-door-policy-and-how-did-it-come-about
        Backtrace
        • 15. /app/Providers/RouteServiceProvider.php:54
        • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:842
        • 19. Route binding:39
        • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:167
        • 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:78
      • select * from `json_post_contents` where `json_post_contents`.`post_id` = 213606 and `json_post_contents`.`post_id` is not null and `rewrite_id` = 0
        10.56msmiddleware::checkdate:30receivinghelpdeskask
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 213606
        • 1. 0
        Backtrace
        • 19. middleware::checkdate:30
        • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:167
        • 21. /vendor/laravel/jetstream/src/Http/Middleware/ShareInertiaData.php:61
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:167
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
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        Metadata
        Bindings
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        Backtrace
        • 15. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/helpers.php:32
        • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
        • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:261
        • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
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        Metadata
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        Backtrace
        • 19. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/Models/Menu.php:35
        • 20. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/helpers.php:33
        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:261
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        Metadata
        Backtrace
        • 24. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/Models/Menu.php:35
        • 25. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/helpers.php:33
        • 27. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
        • 28. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
        • 29. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:261
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        278ms/app/View/Composers/SidebarView.php:22receivinghelpdeskask
        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. publish
        Backtrace
        • 14. /app/View/Composers/SidebarView.php:22
        • 15. /app/View/Composers/SidebarView.php:12
        • 16. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:124
        • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:162
        • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:177
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        Metadata
        Bindings
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        • 21. view::2dd102cf0462e89a4d4d8bc77355d767652bf9aa:15
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        • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • 25. /vendor/livewire/livewire/src/ComponentConcerns/RendersLivewireComponents.php:69
        • 26. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:61
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