Bone is resistant to bending, twisting, compression and stretch. It is hard, because it is calcified, and the collagen fibres help the bone to resist tensile stresses. If you dissolve away the calcium salts of bone, then the bone becomes rubbery because of the collagen fibres which are left behind.
How do bone mineral and collagen fibers resist compression forces?
"Bone mineral resist compression forces. Collagen fibers resist tension forces". Compression force refers to the force created from compressing an object or substance. When shearing powers are adjusted into each other, they are called pressure powers. Compression force is utilized to control everything from pressure brakes to hand apparatuses.
What is the role of collagen in bone strength?
The role of collagen in bone strength Bone is a complex tissue of which the principal function is to resist mechanical forces and fractures. Bone strength depends not only on the quantity of bone tissue but also on the quality, which is characterized by the geometry and the shape of bones, the microarchitecture of the trabecular bones, …
Do collagen fibers resist tension forces?
Collagen fibers resist tension forces". Compression force refers to the force created from compressing an object or substance. When shearing powers are adjusted into each other, they are called pressure powers. Compression force is utilized to control everything from pressure brakes to hand apparatuses.
What is the difference between bone mineral and collagen fibers?
The answer is ; "Bone mineral resist compression forces Collagen fibers resist tension forces". Compression force refers to the force created from compressing an object or substance. When shearing powers are adjusted into each other, they are called pressure powers.
Does collagen in bone resist tension?
Collagen is the main component that resist tension. Elastic fibers also resist tension but behaves similar to rubber in that it can be stretched and will recoil after the force is removed. On the other side are glycosaminoglycans that resist compressive forces.
What forces act on bone?
A bone is subjected to various kinds of forces in our day to day life. Some try to compress it, some bend while others rotate. Depending on their action, the forces on bone could be classified as compression, tension, and shear forces.
What is the role of collagen in bone?
The main function of collagens is mechanical support and to act as a scaffold for bone cells (Saito and Marumo, 2015). Type I collagen accounts for 90% of the total collagen in bone tissue and forms triple helices of polypeptides which form the collagen fibrils.
Why is bone stronger in compression than shear?
Bones are stronger in resisting compression than in resisting tension and shear forces because when the forces in compression are going with the grain it is building its strength. With compression it allows the force to be absorbed.
What is an example of a compression force?
A sponge is one of the best examples that demonstrate the existence of compression force in real life. The sponge has an elastic structure, which is why it is able to regain its original shape as soon as the effect of the externally applied force fades away.
What is an example of a shear force?
Scissors A pair of scissors is a classic example to demonstrate shear force. When an object, for example, a piece of paper is placed between the two metal blades of a pair of scissors, it gets divided into two parts only because of the shear force.
How does collagen work?
Collagen is a protein responsible for healthy joints and skin elasticity, or stretchiness. It's in your bones, muscles, and blood, comprising three quarters of your skin and a third of the protein in your body. As you age, your existing collagen breaks down, and it gets harder for your body to produce more.
What is the role of collagen in bones quizlet?
Collagen is found in the connective tissues of the body and makes up a large portion of the bones and cartilage. It holds tissues together, providing strength and mass to the bones.
What is the role of calcium and collagen in bones?
Collagen is a protein that provides a soft framework, and calcium phosphate is a mineral that adds strength and hardens the framework. This combination of collagen and calcium makes bone strong and flexible enough to withstand stress. More than 99 percent of the body's calcium is contained in the bones and teeth.
Are bones more resistant to compression or tension?
Both cortical bone and trabecular bone are stronger in compression than tension, which reflects the fact that the inorganic phase is stronger in compression than tension. The organic phase contributes to the ductility and toughness of the tissues.
What type of stress is bone strongest in resisting?
Both cortical and trabecular bone are anisotropic; that is, they exhibit different strength and stiffness in response to forces applied from different directions. Bone is strongest in resisting compressive stress and weakest in resisting shear stress (Figure 4-2).
What gives bone compressive strength?
Abstract. The compressive strength of bone is proportional to the square of the apparent density and to the strain rate raised to the 0.06 power.
What is collagen used for?
The role of collagen in bone strength. Bone is a complex tissue of which the principal function is to resist mechanical forces and fractures. Bone strength depends not only on the quantity of bone tissue but also on the quality, which is characterized by the geometry and the shape of bones, the microarchitecture of the trabecular bones, …. ...
What is the process of maturation of collagen?
Different processes of maturation of collagen occur in bone, which can result either from enzymatic or nonenzymatic processes. The enzymatic process involves activation of lysyl oxidase, which leads to the formation of immature and mature crosslinks that stabilize the collagen fibrils.
What are the determinants of bone quality?
Different determinants of bone quality are interrelated, especially the mineral and collagen, and analysis of their specific roles in bone strength is difficult. This review describes the interactions of type I collagen with the mineral and the contribution of the orientations of the collagen fibers when the bone is submitted to mechanical forces.
What is the function of bone?
Bone is a complex tissue of which the principal function is to resist mechanical forces and fractures. Bone strength depends not only on the quantity of bone tissue but also on the quality, which is characterized by the geometry and the shape of bones, the microarchitecture of the trabecular bones, the turnover, the mineral, and the collagen.
Does collagen affect bone strength?
These modifications of collagen are age-related and may impair the mechanical properties of bone. To illustrate the role of the crosslinking process of collagen in bone strength, clinical disorders associated with bone collagen abnormalities and bone fragility, such as osteogenesis imperfecta and osteoporosis, are described.
What is the protein that gives bone the ability to withstand stretching forces?
Organic collagen, which is a protein that gives bone the ability to withstand stretching forces
What happens when osteoblasts become trapped in the bone matrix?
Once osteoblasts have become trapped in the bone matrix they have created, they become osteocytes
What is bone structure?
Bone structure is somewhat similar to reinforced concrete that contains structural metal reinforcement rods or bars. These metal reinforcements are commonly called rebar. Protein strands make up the rebar of bone. Calcium and phosphorus mineral crystals deposited around the protein strands are somewhat like the concrete poured around the rebar in reinforced concrete. The protein strands provide the tensile strength that holds everything together and the minerals provide the solid structure. If bones were made only of protein, they would be too flexible. If bones were made solely from minerals, the skeleton would be too brittle.
What percentage of the total bone mass is accts?
Accts for 20% of the total bone mass, it has a greater surface area than compact bone
What is the name of the bone that allows nerves, blood vessels, and bone marrow to easily fill?
Also known as spongy or cancellous bone, is porous and more like a network that allows nerves, blood vessels, and bone marrow to easily fill trabecular bone
What are the different types of tissues that make up bones?
Bones are made up of a complex arrangement of inorganic minerals and a variety of tissues including bone, bone marrow, nerves, blood vessels, endothelial, and cartilage
What is dense bone?
Also known as dense or cortical bone, is extremely hard and compact with very little space
What mineral gives bones their strength?
Enter calcium, the mineral that gives bone its strength and hardness. When bone develops, calcium crystals form in the gaps and bond to the flexible collagen like mortar amid the bricks.
How does collagen deformation occur?
In contrast, when mineralized collagen fibrils begin plastic deformation, their slipping molecules are quickly interrupted. The stress lurches down, then up again as the strong bonds between crystals and collagen break one at a time. This spreads the molecular slipping over many stages. Imagine trying to open an extension ladder that catches on every rung. Tugging hard cracks the bond between one mineral and one collagen molecule and releases a single ladder rung. But then the ladder snags on another bond until enough force breaks that and pulls the next rung down. Before reaching structural failure, all the bonds must break. In this way, minerals dissipate energy, permitting failure on minute scales to protect the entire bone from fracturing.
What is bone tissue made of?
“Nature has no reason for making a bone round or square. The outlines of bones, therefore, follow the stress lines or are vertical to them so that they give an indication of the pressures the bone has to withstand. But this ideal distribution of bone material along the stress lines would have been to little avail were the material itself not so well adapted to extraordinary pressure. Just like fiberglass made of synthetics threaded with glass fiber, bone tissue is made up of two constituents which greatly differ in their mechanical properties. About half the bone volume is made up of inorganic crystalline material. It consists of phosphate, calcium, and hydroxyl ions and comes very close to hydroxylapatite in structure. It appears in the bone in the form of tiny crystals, only about 200 atomic diameters in size. They are inserted between thin fiber hairs of the elastic material collagen and seem to be linked with them. Many of these parallel inorganic and organic building blocks form fascicles, which may be interwoven in various ways. The end product is a material that is considerably stiffer than collagen, though low in weight, but by far not as brittle and inelastic as pure hydroxylapatite. Besides, because of the continuous alternation between brittle and elastic material, there is little chance for a fracture to spread unchecked.” (Tributsch 1984:32-33)
What protects bone from fractures?
A combination of mineral crystals and collagen fibers protects bone from major fractures by sacrificing small structural elements.
What are the forces that can be used to resist deformation?
When a living system undergoes compression, tension, shear, bending, or twisting , its internal inter‑molecular forces can often resist these forces and even change shape temporarily, returning to the original shape when the forces stop. However, if the force is too strong or lasts too long, permanent deformation or structural failure can occur, resulting in death. Therefore, living systems have strategies to resist deformation or help ensure limited deformation. For example, bones have thin crystals and proteinaceous fibers that provide strength and flexibility, protecting them from forces that would otherwise cause deformation on a daily basis.
How does compression affect a living system?
When evenly applied to all sides of a living system, compression results in decreased volume. When applied on two sides, it results in deformation, such as when pushing on two sides of a balloon. This deformation can be temporary or permanent. Because living systems must retain their most efficient form, they must ensure that any deformation is temporary. Managing compression also provides an opportunity to lessen the effects of other forces. Living systems have strategies to help prevent compression or recover from it, while maintaining function. For example, African elephant adults weigh from 4,700 to 6,048 kilograms. Because they must hold all of that weight on their four feet, the tissues of their feet have features that enable compression to absorb and distribute forces.
How does a living system prevent buckling?
When a living system undergoes compression to the extent that it causes structural damage, it results in buckling. For example, if a person pushes down on the top or the side of a paper cup, the cup’s wall will eventually give way, or buckle. Although a living system could add material to strengthen a structure, this requires expending precious energy. Instead, it must use energy and materials conservatively to avoid buckling, strengthening structures through careful placement of materials to resist, absorb, or deflect compressive forces. For example, instead of one long, tubular stem, some plants like bamboo have stronger nodes scattered along their stems. When compressed, these nodes keep the round stems from taking on an oval shape that weakens the structure and could result in buckling.
What is the role of collagen in bone matrix?
Bone matrix is a two-phase system in which the mineral phase provides the stiffness and the collagen fibers provide the ductility and ability to absorb energy (i.e., the toughness). Alterations of collagen properties can therefore affect the mechanical properties of bone and increase fracture susceptibility.
How to determine the strength of bone?
Bone strength can be evaluated by different mechanical tests that simulate in vitro the mechanical load exerted on bone. These comprise compressive tests on the vertebral body, three- or four-point bending tests on long bones such as femur and humerus, and shear tests on the femoral neck [ 88 ].
What is the process of maturation of collagen?
Different processes of maturation of collagen occur in bone, which can result either from enzymatic or nonenzymatic processes. The enzymatic process involves activation of lysyl oxidase, which leads to the formation of immature and mature crosslinks that stabilize the collagen fibrils.
How are AGEs formed?
AGEs formation can also be initiated by metal-catalyzed glucose auto-oxidation [ 64] as well as by lipid peroxidation . Although there are multiple sources and numerous pathways leading to AGEs formation in vivo, most factors playing a role in AGEs formation are presently unknown. Another consequence of these highly diverse reaction pathways is that AGEs present a wide variety of chemical structures that are not yet all fully characterized [ 60 ]. Some AGEs are adducts to proteins (carboxymethyllysine, carboxyethyllysine), whereas others present protein-protein crosslinks (pentosidine, glyoxal-derived lysine dimer, methylglyoxal-derived lysine dimer). Pentosidine is one of the best studied AGEs. This protein crosslinking AGE is derived from a spontaneous condensation of glucose and the ε-amino groups of lysine and arginine of a protein. Pentosidine is a naturally fluorescent AGE that is resistant to acid hydrolysis and accumulates with aging in different connective tissues, including bone [ 65 ].
Which enzymes bind carbohydrates to hydroxylysine?
Two collagen glycosyltransferases have been characterized that bind carbohydrates on hydroxylysine. These two specific enzymes, called galactosyltransferase and galactosylhydroxylysyl-glucosyltransferase, act on the ε-hydroxyl group of a hydroxylysine during the biosynthesis of procollagen [ 32, 33 ]. They result in the formation of the α-1,2-glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylysine (Glc-Gal-Hyl) and the β-1-galactosyl-hydroxylysine (Gal-Hyl). As hydroxylases, these enzymes act as long as the collagen triple helix is not completely formed. The degree of glycosylation changes according to the collagen type and the tissue. For example, bone contains essentially Gal-Hyl, whereas soft tissues such as synovium [ 34] and skin contain mainly Glc-Gal-Hyl [ 35, 36 ].
What is the function of bone?
Bone is a complex tissue of which the principal function is to resist mechanical forces and fractures. Bone strength depends not only on the quantity of bone tissue but also on the quality, which is characterized by the geometry and the shape of bones, the microarchitecture of the trabecular bones, the turnover, the mineral, and the collagen.
Why is it difficult to identify the role of bone quality?
Because determinants of bone quality are intercorrelated, it is difficult to identify their individual specific roles. The integrity of structural components of bone material appears to be important, however, in the overall mechanical competence of the skeleton.