Receiving Helpdesk

what occurs when cofactor binds to an enzyme

by Marc Denesik Published 3 years ago Updated 2 years ago

Once the cofactor is added, the enzyme becomes the active “holoenzyme”. Cofactors can either be ions, such as zinc and iron ions, or organic molecules, such as vitamins or vitamin-derived molecules.Aug 23, 2018

Full Answer

Where do other cofactors bind to enzymes?

Others are loosely bound to the enzyme. Similarly, where do cofactors bind to the enzyme? Cofactors are generally either bound tightly to active sites, or may bind loosely with the enzyme. They may also be important for structural integrity, i.e. if they are not present, the enzyme does not fold properly or becomes unstable.

What is the difference between cofactors and enzymes?

The difference between them are that, Cofactors help enzymes function, and they are mostly metals (not proteins). While enzymes are proteins that catalyze biological reactions. The cofactors and substrates needed in the reaction normally bind to the enzyme.

What is it called when a cofactor is transiently bound to protein?

The second type of coenzymes are called "cosubstrates", and are transiently bound to the protein. In respect to this, what happens when a cofactor binds to an enzyme?

Where does the substrate bind to the enzyme?

Substrates bind to a region of the enzyme called the “active site”. This is generally a cleft or crevice in the molecule into which the substrate fits. What often happens to an enzyme after it binds to its substrate?

Do cofactors lower activation energy?

Enzymes lower the energy of activation by forming an enzyme-substrate complex. Many enzymes require a nonprotein cofactor to assist them in their reaction.

How does cofactors and coenzymes affect enzyme activity?

Coenzymes and cofactors are molecules that help an enzyme or protein to function appropriately. Coenzymes are organic molecules and quite often bind loosely to the active site of an enzyme and aid in substrate recruitment, whereas cofactors do not bind the enzyme.

How do cofactors affect enzyme activity quizlet?

Cofactors are molecules that increase the rate of reaction or are required for enzyme function. Cofactors are not proteins but rather help proteins, such as enzymes, although they can also help non-enzyme proteins as well.

Do cofactors inhibit reactions?

Cofactors are inorganic substrates. Some cofactors are required to produce a chemical reaction between the enzyme and the substrate, while others merely increase the rate of catalysis.

Why do some enzymes need a cofactor in order to function?

Why do some enzymes need a cofactor in order to function? The presence of a cofactor allows some enzymes to bind to their substrates. Which statements describe cofactors and coenzymes? Cofactors and coenzymes both facilitate the binding of enzymes to substrates.

What is the function of a cofactor quizlet?

Cofactors can be metals or coenzymes, and their primary function is to assist in enzyme activity. They are able to assist in performing certain, necessary, reactions the enzyme cannot perform alone. They are divided into coenzymes and prosthetic groups.

What factors affect enzyme reactions?

Enzyme activity can be affected by a variety of factors, such as temperature, pH, and concentration. Enzymes work best within specific temperature and pH ranges, and sub-optimal conditions can cause an enzyme to lose its ability to bind to a substrate.

What do coenzymes do?

Coenzyme: A substance that enhances the action of an enzyme. (An enzyme is a protein that functions as a catalyst to mediate and speed a chemical reaction). Coenzymes are small molecules. They cannot by themselves catalyze a reaction but they can help enzymes to do so.

What do cofactors do in enzyme activity?

Coenzymes and cofactors are molecules that help an enzyme or protein to function appropriately. Coenzymes are organic molecules and quite often bind loosely to the active site of an enzyme and aid in substrate recruitment, whereas cofactors do not bind the enzyme.

What is a cofactor and what does it do?

A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme’s activity as a catalyst (a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction). Cofactors can be considered “helper molecules” that assist in biochemical transformations.

How do cofactors act on a reaction?

Cofactors are inorganic substrates. Some cofactors are required to produce a chemical reaction between the enzyme and the substrate, while others merely increase the rate of catalysis. Cofactors are sometimes attach to the enzyme, much like a prosthetic limb. Others are loosely bound to the enzyme.

Do cofactors bind to the active site?

Cofactors are generally either bound tightly to active sites, or may bind loosely with the enzyme. They may also be important for structural integrity, i.e. if they are not present, the enzyme does not fold properly or becomes unstable. These cofactor molecules are mapped to ChEBI identifiers.

Why are cofactors present in most enzymes?

Cofactors can be metals or small organic molecules, and their primary function is to assist in enzyme activity. They are able to assist in performing certain, necessary, reactions the enzyme cannot perform alone. There are two groups of cofactors: metals and small organic molecules called coenzymes.

What do you mean by cofactor of enzyme?

Cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound that tightly and loosely binds with an enzyme or other protein molecules. Basically, cofactors are split into two groups: coenzymes and prosthetic groups (ions usually). Comment on Andrei’s post “Both are molecules/ions that help enzymes catalyse”

What are 3 different coenzymes?

Coenzymes such as coenzyme A, acetyl coenzyme A, cellular redox coenzymes: NAD + (oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), NADP + (oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) and NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), energy coenzymes:

image
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
8.3.21PHP Version4.6sRequest Duration2MBMemory UsageGET {post}Route
  • warninglog[22:13:45] LOG.warning: Creation of dynamic property Barryvdh\Debugbar\DataFormatter\QueryFormatter:...
  • warninglog[22:13:45] LOG.warning: Creation of dynamic property Barryvdh\Debugbar\DataFormatter\QueryFormatter:...
  • warninglog[22:13:45] LOG.warning: Callables of the form ["Swift_SmtpTransport", "Swift_Transport_EsmtpTranspor...
  • warninglog[22:13:45] LOG.warning: Creation of dynamic property Barryvdh\Debugbar\DataFormatter\SimpleFormatter...
  • warninglog[22:13:45] LOG.warning: Creation of dynamic property Barryvdh\Debugbar\DataFormatter\SimpleFormatter...
  • warninglog[22:13:45] LOG.warning: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprec...
  • warninglog[22:13:45] LOG.warning: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprec...
  • warninglog[22:13:45] LOG.warning: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprec...
  • warninglog[22:13:45] LOG.warning: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprec...
  • warninglog[22:13:45] LOG.warning: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprec...
  • warninglog[22:13:45] LOG.warning: explode(): Passing null to parameter #2 ($string) of type string is deprecat...
  • Booting (14.82ms)
  • Application (4.59s)
  • 1 x Application (99.67%)
    4.59s
    1 x Booting (0.32%)
    14.82ms
    7 templates were rendered
    • themes.DevBlog.content.post (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/content/post.blade.php)34blade
      Params
      0
      post
      1
      postContent
      2
      author
      3
      updated_at
      4
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      5
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      6
      bing_related_keywords
      7
      google_related_keywords
      8
      bing_news_title
      9
      bing_news_description
      10
      bing_videos
      11
      bing_images
      12
      bing_search_result_title
      13
      bing_search_result_description
      14
      bing_search_result_url
      15
      bing_paa_questions
      16
      bing_paa_answers
      17
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      18
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      19
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      20
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      21
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      22
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      23
      google_faq_questions
      24
      google_faq_answers
      25
      google_rich_snippet
      26
      google_search_result
      27
      indexedArray
      28
      total_images
      29
      total_videos
      30
      settings
      31
      url_current
      32
      menus
      33
      sidebar
    • themes.DevBlog.layouts.master (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/layouts/master.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    • themes.DevBlog.panels.head (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/panels/head.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    • themes.DevBlog.panels.header (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/panels/header.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    • themes.DevBlog.panels.navbar (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/panels/navbar.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    • themes.DevBlog.panels.footer (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/panels/footer.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    • themes.DevBlog.panels.scripts (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/panels/scripts.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    uri
    GET {post}
    middleware
    web, checkdate
    as
    post.show
    controller
    App\Http\Controllers\Frontend\json_data\PostController@show
    namespace
    where
    file
    app/Http/Controllers/Frontend/json_data/PostController.php:18-166
    7 statements were executed4.57s
    • select * from `posts` where `published_at` <= '2025-06-20 22:13:45' and `slug` = 'what-occurs-when-cofactor-binds-to-an-enzyme' and `posts`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
      2.54ms/app/Providers/RouteServiceProvider.php:54receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. 2025-06-20 22:13:45
      • 1. what-occurs-when-cofactor-binds-to-an-enzyme
      Backtrace
      • 15. /app/Providers/RouteServiceProvider.php:54
      • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:842
      • 19. Route binding:39
      • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:167
      • 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:78
    • select * from `json_post_contents` where `json_post_contents`.`post_id` = 161304 and `json_post_contents`.`post_id` is not null and `rewrite_id` = 0
      4.43msmiddleware::checkdate:30receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. 161304
      • 1. 0
      Backtrace
      • 19. middleware::checkdate:30
      • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:167
      • 21. /vendor/laravel/jetstream/src/Http/Middleware/ShareInertiaData.php:61
      • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:167
      • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
    • select * from `nova_menu_menus` where `slug` = 'header' limit 1
      570μs/vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/helpers.php:32receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. header
      Backtrace
      • 15. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/helpers.php:32
      • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
      • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:261
      • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
    • select * from `nova_menu_menu_items` where `nova_menu_menu_items`.`menu_id` = 1 and `nova_menu_menu_items`.`menu_id` is not null and `parent_id` is null order by `parent_id` asc, `order` asc, `name` asc
      410μs/vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/Models/Menu.php:35receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. 1
      Backtrace
      • 19. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/Models/Menu.php:35
      • 20. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/helpers.php:33
      • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
      • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:261
    • select * from `nova_menu_menu_items` where `nova_menu_menu_items`.`parent_id` in (1) order by `order` asc
      280μs/vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/Models/Menu.php:35receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Backtrace
      • 24. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/Models/Menu.php:35
      • 25. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/helpers.php:33
      • 27. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 28. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
      • 29. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:261
    • select `id`, `post_title`, `slug` from `posts` where `status` = 'publish' and `posts`.`deleted_at` is null order by RAND() limit 10
      4.56s/app/View/Composers/SidebarView.php:22receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. publish
      Backtrace
      • 14. /app/View/Composers/SidebarView.php:22
      • 15. /app/View/Composers/SidebarView.php:12
      • 16. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:124
      • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:162
      • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:177
    • select * from `fake_users` where `fake_users`.`id` = 39826 limit 1
      890μsview::2dd102cf0462e89a4d4d8bc77355d767652bf9aa:15receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. 39826
      Backtrace
      • 21. view::2dd102cf0462e89a4d4d8bc77355d767652bf9aa:15
      • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:108
      • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 25. /vendor/livewire/livewire/src/ComponentConcerns/RendersLivewireComponents.php:69
      • 26. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:61
    App\Models\FakeUser
    1
    Outl1ne\MenuBuilder\Models\MenuItem
    1
    Outl1ne\MenuBuilder\Models\Menu
    1
    App\Models\JsonPostContent
    1
    App\Models\Post
    11
        _token
        ks06YyaBuPkO0DFRWQJxvo6fszHYFaZn7M1AEMT5
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://receivinghelpdesk.com/ask/what-occurs-when-cofactor-binds-to-an-enzyme...
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /what-occurs-when-cofactor-binds-to-an-enzyme
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:25 [ "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "_pk_id.64.7c30=6cac22be79da698e.1750437818.; _pk_ses.64.7c30=1; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im5CMmIzMGlUT1JnMVJhaDBkMFRqSXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRjhtWGNBZ1JaM3lIVXl5am5kU21waUcxK0ZmUU5JaEI3S20wMitSYXVYSzBXcjgzK290a1dvWkEwSnRTM0YzeE9VeDVBeFhxa28xR0JCMXpBNTkzbC9QNHE1TnF2Ukh3UkJCZEtWdldYSzBrTVpsTVVNekVabGR6bXVOb1hvQ1EiLCJtYWMiOiJiMDg4MzI4NmVmNmEwMzYwNzU3NmM1YWZlMWIzZjUyOGRmNjhlNGU4NTRkYTdiY2IwMzIzM2Y3NTMyMzFkNTA3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; askhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6InFMUGlma3ZZd1dWeTFqZWN1cmNvTlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZFlCaWhBOHgyWnJYYWR0VDIxejhzTmVjN1Myc3JwWnBDSVRvbEE4SUNPblJLeEtXUkVqTkg5OVk2OHhLeis1QTB4VFhnUjRvZjlqelZZdll0WlVmWEoyYmcyWWNISGZ0NS9lUnYyd3gwQ2orQ3p6NG1CR3d5Y1FXbVVvYjl6eFkiLCJtYWMiOiI4NzI3Nzg4NDNiMWEyYjI4OTAwZDJhYWFkYzc4MDZmYzVkZTAyMjBmNTY2NGZmYTBlNmMxOTA0ZGFhZTA2YmRlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D_pk_id.64.7c30=6cac22be79da698e.1750437818.; _pk_ses.64.7c30=1; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im5CMmIzMGlUT1JnMVJhaDBkMFRqSXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRjhtWGNBZ1JaM3lIVXl5am5kU21wa" ] "cf-ipcountry" => array:1 [ 0 => "US" ] "cf-connecting-ip" => array:1 [ 0 => "216.73.216.195" ] "cdn-loop" => array:1 [ 0 => "cloudflare; loops=1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Chromium";v="130", "HeadlessChrome";v="130", "Not?A_Brand";v="99"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, br" ] "cf-ray" => array:1 [ 0 => "952cba171ea1fa25-ORD" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "cf-visitor" => array:1 [ 0 => "{"scheme":"https"}" ] "connection" => array:1 [ 0 => "close" ] "x-forwarded-proto" => array:1 [ 0 => "https" ] "x-forwarded-for" => array:1 [ 0 => "216.73.216.195, 172.70.130.211" ] "x-server-addr" => array:1 [ 0 => "154.12.239.204" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "receivinghelpdesk.com" ] ]
        request_server
        0 of 0
        array:56 [ "USER" => "runcloud" "HOME" => "/home/runcloud" "SCRIPT_NAME" => "/ask/index.php" "REQUEST_URI" => "/ask/what-occurs-when-cofactor-binds-to-an-enzyme" "QUERY_STRING" => "" "REQUEST_METHOD" => "GET" "SERVER_PROTOCOL" => "HTTP/1.0" "GATEWAY_INTERFACE" => "CGI/1.1" "REDIRECT_URL" => "/ask/what-occurs-when-cofactor-binds-to-an-enzyme" "REMOTE_PORT" => "56480" "SCRIPT_FILENAME" => "/home/runcloud/webapps/ReceivingHelpDesk/ask/index.php" "SERVER_ADMIN" => "you@example.com" "CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT" => "/home/runcloud/webapps/ReceivingHelpDesk/" "CONTEXT_PREFIX" => "" "REQUEST_SCHEME" => "http" "DOCUMENT_ROOT" => "/home/runcloud/webapps/ReceivingHelpDesk/" "REMOTE_ADDR" => "172.70.130.211" "SERVER_PORT" => "80" "SERVER_ADDR" => "127.0.0.1" "SERVER_NAME" => "receivinghelpdesk.com" "SERVER_SOFTWARE" => "Apache/2.4.63 (Unix) OpenSSL/1.1.1f" "SERVER_SIGNATURE" => "" "LD_LIBRARY_PATH" => "/RunCloud/Packages/apache2-rc/lib" "PATH" => "/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin" "HTTP_COOKIE" => "_pk_id.64.7c30=6cac22be79da698e.1750437818.; _pk_ses.64.7c30=1; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im5CMmIzMGlUT1JnMVJhaDBkMFRqSXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRjhtWGNBZ1JaM3lIVXl5am5kU21waUcxK0ZmUU5JaEI3S20wMitSYXVYSzBXcjgzK290a1dvWkEwSnRTM0YzeE9VeDVBeFhxa28xR0JCMXpBNTkzbC9QNHE1TnF2Ukh3UkJCZEtWdldYSzBrTVpsTVVNekVabGR6bXVOb1hvQ1EiLCJtYWMiOiJiMDg4MzI4NmVmNmEwMzYwNzU3NmM1YWZlMWIzZjUyOGRmNjhlNGU4NTRkYTdiY2IwMzIzM2Y3NTMyMzFkNTA3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; askhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6InFMUGlma3ZZd1dWeTFqZWN1cmNvTlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZFlCaWhBOHgyWnJYYWR0VDIxejhzTmVjN1Myc3JwWnBDSVRvbEE4SUNPblJLeEtXUkVqTkg5OVk2OHhLeis1QTB4VFhnUjRvZjlqelZZdll0WlVmWEoyYmcyWWNISGZ0NS9lUnYyd3gwQ2orQ3p6NG1CR3d5Y1FXbVVvYjl6eFkiLCJtYWMiOiI4NzI3Nzg4NDNiMWEyYjI4OTAwZDJhYWFkYzc4MDZmYzVkZTAyMjBmNTY2NGZmYTBlNmMxOTA0ZGFhZTA2YmRlIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D_pk_id.64.7c30=6cac22be79da698e.1750437818.; _pk_ses.64.7c30=1; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Im5CMmIzMGlUT1JnMVJhaDBkMFRqSXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRjhtWGNBZ1JaM3lIVXl5am5kU21wa" "HTTP_CF_IPCOUNTRY" => "US" "HTTP_CF_CONNECTING_IP" => "216.73.216.195" "HTTP_CDN_LOOP" => "cloudflare; loops=1" "HTTP_SEC_FETCH_MODE" => "navigate" "HTTP_SEC_FETCH_SITE" => "none" "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" "HTTP_USER_AGENT" => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" "HTTP_UPGRADE_INSECURE_REQUESTS" => "1" "HTTP_SEC_CH_UA_PLATFORM" => ""Windows"" "HTTP_SEC_CH_UA_MOBILE" => "?0" "HTTP_SEC_CH_UA" => ""Chromium";v="130", "HeadlessChrome";v="130", "Not?A_Brand";v="99"" "HTTP_CACHE_CONTROL" => "no-cache" "HTTP_PRAGMA" => "no-cache" "HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING" => "gzip, br" "HTTP_CF_RAY" => "952cba171ea1fa25-ORD" "HTTP_PRIORITY" => "u=0, i" "HTTP_SEC_FETCH_DEST" => "document" "HTTP_SEC_FETCH_USER" => "?1" "HTTP_CF_VISITOR" => "{"scheme":"https"}" "HTTP_CONNECTION" => "close" "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO" => "https" "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR" => "216.73.216.195, 172.70.130.211" "HTTP_X_SERVER_ADDR" => "154.12.239.204" "HTTP_HOST" => "receivinghelpdesk.com" "HTTPS" => "on" "REDIRECT_STATUS" => "200" "REDIRECT_HTTPS" => "on" "FCGI_ROLE" => "RESPONDER" "PHP_SELF" => "/ask/index.php" "REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT" => 1750437825.1537 "REQUEST_TIME" => 1750437825 ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:4 [ "_pk_id_64_7c30" => null "_pk_ses_64_7c30" => null "XSRF-TOKEN" => "ks06YyaBuPkO0DFRWQJxvo6fszHYFaZn7M1AEMT5" "askhelpdesk_session" => "a0DXD35vjIDieq0gKGcmh6Kn3tZ8CI1VbCuIn5G1" ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:7 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "private, must-revalidate" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Fri, 20 Jun 2025 16:43:45 GMT" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "expires" => array:1 [ 0 => -1 ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlFPZWhzR1VERFp4VkFseklCNW9vM1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNVNDM1o3NjUyZmhjMHovcExOZU0xemNFN2gweTB4S2U0b1l5eWpZWlJBRHBDakQwU2Z6NEZjNW0vMWlVQnhwcTgvZmpDN0VZUjRyWHFqWjhIdVFDc0NUUGw1OWpzVlZVSmZIdzVoengyUXo1MGdSWWwwZ1NuaklrcUVNekpqOTQiLCJtYWMiOiI1MGUyZjYyY2IyYmE0YTlmYTJlYTM5ZmU4OGU2NTVjZTAwMzRkNTE0Yjc2OTM3OTYwYTJjMjRjOTc4ZDJjYzY1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 20-Jun-2025 18:43:49 GMT; Max-Age=7200; path=/; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlFPZWhzR1VERFp4VkFseklCNW9vM1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNVNDM1o3NjUyZmhjMHovcExOZU0xemNFN2gweTB4S2U0b1l5eWpZWlJBRHBDakQwU2Z6NEZjNW0vMWlVQnhwcTgvZmpDN" 1 => "askhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6Im56UXB5ekhrcW9taFdOclJLTkhwMWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRFYvL05hdTl1T0VjTnB5ZU5uTUxVVmJDTG55TXFuOUZrYlBhcUhDYkFaU2VVVG5ITUVQQjFkcW1FdHNXUWN0SElxYlRPZ01CQm45NTQ0UGwzSXlkOThEdzFlRThBRU4rc1lMam4vNzZKWjJvUFFqZzZaY3dkYzYrMEJ2VTIrdFAiLCJtYWMiOiJkZjQ2ZTlkNGEyODY0MzAyOGUyNGMzZGQxMjBiYjBiY2NiMGIyYjQ0NDg5YzJkNmQ3MjY4OTk1MDY3MGY0ZjE3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 20-Jun-2025 18:43:49 GMT; Max-Age=7200; path=/; httponly; samesite=laxaskhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6Im56UXB5ekhrcW9taFdOclJLTkhwMWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRFYvL05hdTl1T0VjTnB5ZU5uTUxVVmJDTG55TXFuOUZrYlBhcUhDYkFaU2VVVG5ITUVQQjFkcW1FdHNXUWN0" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlFPZWhzR1VERFp4VkFseklCNW9vM1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNVNDM1o3NjUyZmhjMHovcExOZU0xemNFN2gweTB4S2U0b1l5eWpZWlJBRHBDakQwU2Z6NEZjNW0vMWlVQnhwcTgvZmpDN0VZUjRyWHFqWjhIdVFDc0NUUGw1OWpzVlZVSmZIdzVoengyUXo1MGdSWWwwZ1NuaklrcUVNekpqOTQiLCJtYWMiOiI1MGUyZjYyY2IyYmE0YTlmYTJlYTM5ZmU4OGU2NTVjZTAwMzRkNTE0Yjc2OTM3OTYwYTJjMjRjOTc4ZDJjYzY1IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 20-Jun-2025 18:43:49 GMT; path=/XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IlFPZWhzR1VERFp4VkFseklCNW9vM1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNVNDM1o3NjUyZmhjMHovcExOZU0xemNFN2gweTB4S2U0b1l5eWpZWlJBRHBDakQwU2Z6NEZjNW0vMWlVQnhwcTgvZmpDN" 1 => "askhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6Im56UXB5ekhrcW9taFdOclJLTkhwMWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRFYvL05hdTl1T0VjTnB5ZU5uTUxVVmJDTG55TXFuOUZrYlBhcUhDYkFaU2VVVG5ITUVQQjFkcW1FdHNXUWN0SElxYlRPZ01CQm45NTQ0UGwzSXlkOThEdzFlRThBRU4rc1lMam4vNzZKWjJvUFFqZzZaY3dkYzYrMEJ2VTIrdFAiLCJtYWMiOiJkZjQ2ZTlkNGEyODY0MzAyOGUyNGMzZGQxMjBiYjBiY2NiMGIyYjQ0NDg5YzJkNmQ3MjY4OTk1MDY3MGY0ZjE3IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 20-Jun-2025 18:43:49 GMT; path=/; httponlyaskhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6Im56UXB5ekhrcW9taFdOclJLTkhwMWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiRFYvL05hdTl1T0VjTnB5ZU5uTUxVVmJDTG55TXFuOUZrYlBhcUhDYkFaU2VVVG5ITUVQQjFkcW1FdHNXUWN0" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:4 [ "_token" => "ks06YyaBuPkO0DFRWQJxvo6fszHYFaZn7M1AEMT5" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://receivinghelpdesk.com/ask/what-occurs-when-cofactor-binds-to-an-enzyme" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]