What is the Hmong Mien language?
hmn – inclusive code for the Hmong/Mong/ Miao (China, Laos) macrolanguage, including all the following varieties except hmf and hmv. Map of Hmong-Mien languages, the West Hmongic language is in purple. This article contains IPA phonetic symbols.
What are the best resources for learning the Hmong language?
Lyman, Thomas Amis ( Chulalongkorn University ). " The Mong (Leeg Miao) and their Language: A Brief Compendium " ( Archive ). p. 63–66. Miyake, Marc. 2011. Unicode 6.1: the Old Miao script. Miyake, Marc. 2012. Anglo-Hmong tonology. Lomation's Hmong Text Reader – free online program that can read Hmong words/text.
What is the difference between Hmong Der and Mong Leng?
While mutually intelligible, the dialects differ in both lexicon and certain aspects of phonology. For instance, Green Mong lacks the aspirated /m/ of Hmong Der and has a third nasalized vowel, /ã/. In English, “Hmong” is used to include both Hmong Der and Mong Leng, although some have suggested a compromise, such as: H’Mong, Mhong, or (H)Mong.
When did McDonald's introduce the Hmong language in the US?
In 2012 McDonald's introduced its first Hmong language advertising in the United States on a commercial billboard in Saint Paul, Minnesota. However it was unintelligible to Hmong speakers due to an incorrect translation. [2] [3] [4] Google Translate introduced support for Hmong Daw (referred to only as Hmong) in May 2013.
Where is mung language from?
Mung, a dialect or related language of the Phunoi language of Laos.
What language is Hmong similar to?
Hmong is a tonal language, in a similar way to Chinese, Thai, Vietnamese and Laothian. There are eight tones (though some say there are seven).
What country is Hmong spoken in?
The Hmong people (RPA: Hmoob, Nyiakeng Puachue: 𞄀𞄩𞄰, Pahawh Hmong: 𖬌𖬣𖬵, IPA: [m̥ɔ̃́]) are indigenous people that mainly live in Southwest China (Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Chongqing, and Guangxi), Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar.
What language do most Hmong speak?
Mong Njua (also called Blue or Green Miao orMong Leng), Dananshan (Standard Chinese Miao). Hmong Daw and Mong Njua are the two major dialects spoken by Hmong Americans.
Is Hmong considered Chinese?
The Hmong are members of an ethnic group that have not had a country of their own. For thousands of years, the Hmong lived in southwestern China. But when the Chinese began limiting their freedom in the mid-1600s, many migrated to Laos, Thailand and other neighboring countries.
Is Chinese and Hmong the same?
Are Hmong Chinese? The answer to that is No; the Hmong are a minority group in China, but they are not considered Han Chinese. The Hmong is considered a Chinese ethnic group or a Chinese minority group living mainly in southeast Asia.
What race is Hmong?
The words Hmong and Mong refer to an Asian ethnic group. Their homeland is in China, especially along the Yangtze and Yellow river. In the 18th century, Hmong people started moving to other Southeast Asian countries. Today, they live in all of China, northern Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar.
Is Hmong Korean?
Though the Hmong may be a branch of ethnic group from both China and Korea, I seriously think there was a connection between us during the era in which Korea and China were connected.
Is Hmong the same as Vietnamese?
The answer is depending on the national identity, as the Hmong ethnic have lived traditionally in Southern China, Northern Vietnam, Northern Laos, and Myanmar. If you are of Hmong ethnic identity and your national identity is Vietnamese, you could say that you are Vietnamese.
Is it hard to learn Hmong?
"Hmong is one of the hardest languages to learn because it's a tonal language," she said. "A lot of Westerners have a hard time speaking Mandarin because it's four tones. With Hmong, you double those, so it's eight tones." A tonal language is one in which the meaning of a word changes based on the tone of voice used.
What is hello in Hmong?
Learn more at studyhmong.com This video covers two words for 'hello' in Hmong and two words for 'goodbye. ' Nyob zoo – Hello. Tuaj lov? – Hello.
Is Hmong a rare language?
While Hmong is a rare language, we work with it on a semi-regular basis in the translation work we do for varying clients around the United States. If your population includes Hmong speakers, we'd be happy to discuss with you how to reach them through translation services.
What is the Hmong dialect?
Varieties in the United States. Most Hmong in the United States speak the White Hmong ( Hmong Daw) and Hmong Leeg ( Moob Leeg) dialects, with about sixty percent speaking White Hmong and about forty percent Hmong Leeg.
What is the dialect of Hmong Daw?
Mong Njua (Hmoob Ntsuab) and Hmong Daw (Hmoob Dawb) are part of a dialect cluster known in China as Chuanqiandian Miao, that is, "Sichuan–Guizhou–Yunnan Miao", called the "Chuanqiandian cluster" in English (or "Miao cluster" in other languages) as West Hmongic is also called Chuanqiandian, while the variety spoken from Sichuan in China to Thailand and Laos is referred to as the "First Local Variety" ( 第一土语) of the cluster. Mong Njua and Hmong Daw are just those varieties of the cluster that migrated to Laos; the Western names Mong Njua, Mong Leng, Hmong Dleu/Der, and Hmong Daw are also used in China for various dialects of the Chuanqiandian Miao cluster.
What are the three dialects of Hmong?
The three dialects described here are known as Hmong Daw (also called White Miao or Hmong Der ), Mong Leeg (also called Leng Miao or Mong Leng ), and Dananshan (Standard Chinese Miao). Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg are the two major dialects spoken by Hmong Americans. Although mutually intelligible, the dialects differ in both lexicon and certain aspects of phonology. For instance, Mong Leeg lacks the voiceless/aspirated /m̥/ of Hmong Daw (as exemplified by their names) and has a third nasalized vowel, /ã/; Dananshan has a couple of extra diphthongs in native words, numerous Chinese loans, and an eighth tone.
What are the names of the mong njua?
Mong Njua and Hmong Daw are just those varieties of the cluster that migrated to Laos; the Western names Mong Njua, Mong Leng, Hmong Dleu/Der, and Hmong Daw are also used in China for various dialects of the Chuanqiandian Miao cluster. Ethnologue once distinguished only the Laotian varieties (Hmong Daw, Mong Njua), Sinicized Miao (Hmong Shua), ...
What is the Hmong pronoun?
These are the personal pronouns of Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg:
What are the syllables of Hmong?
Hmong syllables have a very simple structure: onsets are obligatory (except in a few particles), nuclei may consist of a monophthong or diphthong, and coda consonants apart from nasals are prohibited. In Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg, nasal codas have become nasal vowels, though they may be accompanied by a weak coda [ŋ]. Similarly, a weak coda [ʔ] may accompany the low-falling creaky tone.
What is the Hmong folktale?
Robert Cooper, an anthropologist, collected a Hmong folktale saying that the Hmong used to have a written language, and important information was written down in a treasured book. The folktale explains that cows and rats ate the book, so, in the words of Anne Fadiman, author of The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, "no text was equal to the task of representing a culture as rich as that of the Hmong." Therefore, the folktale states that the Hmong language was exclusively oral from that point onwards.
What is the Muong language?
Muong language. Muong ( Thiểng Mường) is a group of dialects spoken by the Mường people of Vietnam. They are in the Austroasiatic language family and closely related to Vietnamese. According to Phan (2012), the Mường dialects are not a single language, or even most closely related to each other, but rather are an ethnically defined ...
What is the language code for muong?
Latin ( Chữ Quốc ngữ) Chữ Nôm. Language codes. ISO 639-3. mtq. Glottolog. mu on1246. Muong ( Thiểng Mường) is a group of dialects spoken by the Mường people of Vietnam. They are in the Austroasiatic language family and closely related to Vietnamese.
Learn about this topic in these articles
Muong, the other language of the group, is spoken in northern Vietnam; it differs from Vietnamese primarily in showing far less Chinese influence.
division of Viet-Muong
Muong, the other language of the group, is spoken in northern Vietnam; it differs from Vietnamese primarily in showing far less Chinese influence.
What is the Hmong language?
The Hmong language has two dialects: white and green. They are similar to the British and American forms of English. If you're White Hmong, you speak the White Hmong dialect and vice versa. The names — white and green — refer to the colors and patterns of each group's traditional clothing.
Where did the Hmong live?
The Hmong are members of an ethnic group that have not had a country of their own. For thousands of years, the Hmong lived in southwestern China. But when the Chinese began limiting their freedom in the mid-1600s, many migrated to Laos, Thailand and other neighboring countries. During the Vietnam War, the Hmong in Laos aided ...
What was the secret war between the Hmong and the US?
During the Vietnam War, the Hmong in Laos aided and partnered with American forces to fight Southeast Asian Communists in what is now known as the "Secret War.". After the United States pulled out of Laos, Communist forces began retaliating against the Hmong for siding with the United States.
Why did the Hmong come to the US?
When the Hmong first came to the United States, the State Department gave the resettlement contract to volunteer agencies such as Catholic Charities, Lutheran Social Service and Church World Service.
How many clans are there in Hmong?
There are 18 clans in the Hmong culture, each with a different name. Children are members of their father's clan. Women, upon marriage, become members of their husband's clan, but typically retain their original clan — or, rather, maiden name. Members of the same clan consider themselves family. The 18 clans (and surnames) are: Chang/Cha. Cheng.
Where are the Hmong in Minnesota?
Most of Minnesota's Hmong population resides in the metro area (about 65,000); the second-largest metro concentration of Hmong people is in Fresno, Calif., with about 32,000. Within the Twin Cities, St. Paul has the largest population by far with nearly 30,000 Hmong.
Which state has the most Hmong?
According to 2010 Census data, California has the largest Hmong population in the United States — more than 91,000 call the Golden State home. Minnesota ranks second, with more than 66,000, and Wisconsin is third, with a Hmong population of about 49,000.
Where is Muong spoken?
It is spoken mainly in the provinces of Hòa Bình, Thanh Hóa, Vĩnh Phúc, Yên Bái, Sơn La, and Ninh Bình in northern Vietnam. In 1999 there were 1.1 million speakers of Muong. There are a number of Muong dialects which are quite distinct ...
Is Muong a dialect?
There are a number of Muong dialects which are quite distinct from each other, although they are all considered a single language as they are spoken by Muong people. Muong is closely related to Vietnamese, and some Vietnamese speakers report that they can understand it.
What language do Hmong speak?
Hmong people have their unique language, which might have been related to languages in China and Laos, yet it is also different from Chinese, Thai, Laotian, and Cambodian.
How many tones are there in the Hmong language?
In the Hmong language, a word spoken in one tone will have an entirely different meaning from the same word spoken in a different tone. There are seven tones in the Hmong language, and some people even say eight, since two of the tones are so similar that people disagree whether they are different or not. Some of these Hmong tones are referred ...
What are the tones of Hmong?
Some of these Hmong tones are referred to with such terms as “high tone,” “high falling tone,” “low tone,” “low falling tone,” and even “breathy mid-low tone.”. At all events, the final letter of the printed form of a Hmong word will indicate which tone it is when that word is to be spoken.
What does "cee" mean in Hmong?
In the Hmong language, for example, one word such as “ cee ” can have several meanings depending on whether it is spoken with a high tone, a low tone, or some other tone.
Is Hmong difficult to learn?
Although the Hmong language may seem complicated, one should not conclude from this that the Hmong language is difficult for young Hmong children to learn. In fact, many young Hmong children learn to speak Hmong at home.
Is the Hmong language a heritage?
While it is certainly, in many ways, very different from English, and may therefore seem complex, the Hmong language deserves effort to be preserved, maintained, and continued, and effort to do so is a common theme and goal for many “heritage” language learners in a multicultural America today.
What is the Hmong language?
Let’s look at some interesting facts about the Hmong language. 1. It was once illegal to write in Hmong. In the 1600s, the Qing Dynasty made it illegal to write the Hmong language. So, Hmong became an oral language. In the 1950s, a Christian missionary created a new written Hmong language based on the Romanized Popular Alphabet.
When did the Hmong language start?
In the 1950s, a Christian missionary created a new written Hmong language based on the Romanized Popular Alphabet. An illiterate peasant name Shong Lue Yang also created a written Hmong language in 1959. 2. The two main Hmong dialects are named after clothing colors.
What are the two main dialects of Hmong?
Hmong Daw (White Hmong) and Mong Njua (Green Hmong) are the two main Hmong dialects. These dialects were named after the colors traditionally worn by the women in each group. Dananshan is a third Hmong dialect. Most Hmong Americans speak either the white or green dialect.
How many syllables are in a Hmong word?
Most Hmong words contain one syllable. Hmong words are short and contain one syllable. Most share the same basic pattern of a consonant group followed by a vowel. Sometimes, the word ends in another consonant. A few other monosyllabic languages are found throughout Southeast Asia.
Where do Hmong live?
Throughout their history, they faced persecution and displacement. Today, Hmong people live in Vietnam, China, Thailand, and America. Hmong is part of the Chuanqiandian Cluster, a branch of the Chinese Miao language. More than 2.7 million people speak Hmong worldwide.
What does the word "paw" mean in Hmong?
One word can take on different meanings depending on how it is pronounced. For example, the Hmong word paw can mean “female”, “to see”, or “pancreas.”. There are 8 distinct Hmong tones used to pronounce words.
Overview
Hmong / Mong is a dialect continuum of the West Hmongic branch of the Hmongic languages spoken by the Hmong people of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hainan, northern Vietnam, Thailand, and Laos. There are some 2.7 million speakers of varieties that are largely mutually intelligible, including over 280,000 Hmong Americans as of 2013. Over half of all Hmong speakers speak the vari…
Varieties
Mong Leng (Moob Leeg) and Hmong Daw (Hmoob Dawb) are part of a dialect cluster known in China as Chuanqiandian Miao, that is, "Sichuan–Guizhou–Yunnan Miao", called the "Chuanqiandian cluster" in English (or "Miao cluster" in other languages) as West Hmongic is also called Chuanqiandian, while the variety spoken from Sichuan in China to Thailand and Laos is referred to as the "First Local Variety" (第一土语) of the cluster. Mong Leng and Hmong Daw are …
Phonology
The three dialects described here are known as Hmong Daw (also called White Miao or Hmong Der), Mong Leeg (also called Leng Miao or Mong Leng), and Dananshan (Standard Chinese Miao). Hmong Daw and Mong Leeg are the two major dialects spoken by Hmong Americans. Although mutually intelligible, the dialects differ in both lexicon and certain aspects of phonology. For instance, Mong Leeg lacks the voiceless/aspirated /m̥/ of Hmong Daw (as exemplified by their n…
Orthography
Robert Cooper, an anthropologist, collected a Hmong folktale saying that the Hmong used to have a written language, and important information was written down in a treasured book. The folktale explains that cows and rats ate the book, so, in the words of Anne Fadiman, author of The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down, "no text was equal to the task of representing a culture as rich as that of the Hmong." Therefore, the folktale states that the Hmong language was exclusively oral …
Grammar
Hmong is an analytic SVO language in which adjectives and demonstratives follow the noun. Noun phrases can contain the following elements (parentheses indicate optional elements):
(possessive) + (quantifier) + (classifier) + noun + (adjective) + (demonstrative)
The Hmong pronominal system distinguishes between three grammatical persons and three numbers – singular, dual, and plural. They are not marked for case, that is, the same word is use…
Worldwide usage
In 2012 McDonald's introduced its first Hmong language advertising in the United States on a commercial billboard i Saint Paul, Minnesota. However it was unintelligible to Hmong speakers due to an incorrect translation. Google Translate introduced support for Hmong Daw (referred to only as Hmong) in May 2013.
See also
• Hmong people
• Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong
• Pahawh Hmong
• Romanized Popular Alphabet
• Ban Phou Pheung Noi
Bibliography
• Cooper, Robert, Editor. The Hmong: A Guide to Traditional Lifestyles. Singapore: Times Editions. 1998. pp. 35–41.
• Finck, John. "Clan Leadership in the Hmong Community of Providence, Rhode Island." In The Hmong in the West, Editors, Bruce T. Downing and Douglas P. Olney. Minneapolis, MN: Southeast Asian Refugee Studies Project, Center for Urban and Regional Affairs, University of Minnesota, 1982, pp. 22–25.
Overview
Muong (Thiểng Mường ) is a group of dialects spoken by the Mường people of Vietnam. They are in the Austroasiatic language family and closely related to Vietnamese. According to Phan (2012), the Mường dialects are not a single language, or even most closely related to each other, but rather are an ethnically defined and paraphyletic taxon.
Mường dialects are primarily spoken in mountainous regions of the northern Vietnamese provin…
Writing system
Mường had no written form until Western academics in the 20th century developed a provisional alphabet based on a modified Vietnamese alphabet, including additional consonants like w and allowing different consonant pairs and final consonants than Vietnamese.
In September 2016, the People's Committee of Hòa Bình Province adopted resolution 2295/QĐ-UBND, specifying a new Mường alphabet to be used in instruction within the province. The alpha…
Phonology
The following table details the consonants of those dialects that show a full voiced-voiceless distinction in the stops (being Mường Bi, Mường Thành, Mường Động, and Ba Trại). The spelling is given in italics.
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m /m/ n /n/ nh /ɲ/ ng /ŋ/ Stop voiceless p /p/ t /t/ ch /c/ c /k/ aspirated ph /pʰ/ th /tʰ/ kh /kʰ/ voiced b /b/ đ /d/ g /ɡ ~ ɣ/ Fricative voiceless x /s/ h /h/ voice…
The following table details the consonants of those dialects that show a full voiced-voiceless distinction in the stops (being Mường Bi, Mường Thành, Mường Động, and Ba Trại). The spelling is given in italics.
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m /m/ n /n/ nh /ɲ/ ng /ŋ/ Stop voiceless p /p/ t /t/ ch /c/ c /k/ aspirated ph /pʰ/ th /tʰ/ kh /kʰ/ voiced b /b/ đ /d/ g /ɡ ~ ɣ/ Fricative voiceless x /s/ h /h/ voice…
Further reading
• Hà Quang Phùng (2012-09-06). "Tìm hiểu về ngữ pháp tiếng Mường (Thim hiếu wuê ngử pháp thiểng Mường)" [Understanding Muong grammar]. (in Vietnamese and Muong). Thanh Sơn–Phú Thọ Province Continuing Education Center. Archived from the original (FlashPaper) on September 19, 2016. (More)
• Nguyễn, Văn Khang, Bùi Chi, and Hoàng Văn Hành. (2002). Từ điển Mường-Việt (A Mường-Vietnamese dictionary). Hà Nội: Nhà Xuất Bản Văn Hoá Dân Tộc.
External links
• Wa̒ Bi̒nh diê̠n tứ – online newspaper in Mường (in Muong)