What is a nomogram?
Like a slide rule, a nomogram is a graphical analog computation device. Also like a slide rule, its accuracy is limited by the precision with which physical markings can be drawn, reproduced, viewed, and aligned.
What is the history of nomography?
The field of nomography was invented in 1884 by the French engineer Philbert Maurice d'Ocagne (1862–1938) and used extensively for many years to provide engineers with fast graphical calculations of complicated formulas to a practical precision.
How do you calculate body surface area in westward nomogram?
WEST NOMOGRAM: ESTIMATING BODY SURFACE. AREA OF INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN. To determine a child's body surface area, draw a straight line between the child's height and weight. Body surface area in square meters is shown by the point where the line crosses the surface area scale. From Crawford JD, Terry ME, Rourke GM. Click to see full answer.
What is the BSA of a nomogram?
The patient's size is identified as body surface area (BSA) in meters squared (M2). The nomogram chart can be used to identify the patient's BSA based on their height and weight (in. Beside above, what does a nomogram do and how is it used in a clinical setting?
How do you use a West nomogram?
One method method is using the West Nomogram. Using a straight edge (such as a ruler or piece of paper), align the straight edge so it intersects at the child's height and weight....BSAx adult dose = approx. child dose1.73
What is the nomogram method?
Nomogram Method. The Nomogram method is utilized to determine the correct pediatric medication dosage based specifically on the patient's size. The patient's size is identified as body surface area (BSA) in meters squared (M2). The average adult client (weighing 150 - 154 lbs) will have a BSA of 1.73M2.
How will you determine the patient's BSA using nomogram?
The normogram chart is used to determine the patient's body surface area based on the height and weight. The surface area is determined when a straight line connecting the patient's height and weight crosses the BSA column.
What is a normal BMI and BSA?
For a distribution of BM/BSA values comparable to the distribution of normal BMI values, the range 35.5-39.9 kg/m2 is chosen as normal, although it covers BM range 50 to 90 kg. The proposed normal BM/BSA range suggests that heavy adults with less than 2 m of height are not obese only if they are less than 90 kg.
Why do we use a nomogram?
Why Are Nomograms Important to Research Design? Nomograms provide an improved ability to identify the correct patient population for clinical studies. The statistical power in prospective studies with dichotomous clinical outcomes is derived from the number of events.
When is nomogram used?
Nomograms are typically used in applications for which the level of accuracy they provide is sufficient and useful. Alternatively, a nomogram can be used to check an answer obtained by a more exact but error-prone calculation.
How do you read a nomogram?
A nomograph is defined as a graph, usually containing three parallel scales graduated for different variables so that when a straight line connects values of any two, the related value may be read directly from the third vertical line at the point intersected by the line.
What is BSA measured?
Body Surface Area (BSA) BSA measures the total surface area of the body and is used to calculate drug dosages and medical indicators or assessments.
What does BSA mean in medical terms?
body surface areaValues for body surface area (BSA) are commonly used in medicine, particularly to calculate doses of chemotherapeutic agents and index cardiac output.
What is a good BSA score?
Average body surface area for adult men: 1.9 m2. Average body surface area for adult women: 1.6 m2. Average body surface area for children (9 years): 1.07 m2.
What is the correct BMI for my age?
Height: Weight: Your BMI is , indicating your weight is in the category for adults of your height. For your height, a healthy weight range would be from to pounds....Adult BMI Calculator.BMIWeight StatusBelow 18.5Underweight18.5—24.9Healthy25.0—29.9Overweight30.0 and AboveObese
What's the normal BMI?
18.5 to 24.9If your BMI is less than 18.5, it falls within the underweight range. If your BMI is 18.5 to 24.9, it falls within the normal or Healthy Weight range. If your BMI is 25.0 to 29.9, it falls within the overweight range.
What is a nomogram?
A nomogram consists of a set of n scales, one for each variable in an equation. Knowing the values of n-1 variables, the value of the unknown variable can be found, or by fixing the values of some variables, the relationship between the unfixed ones can be studied.
When to use nomograms?
Nomograms are typically used in applications where the level of accuracy they offer is sufficient and useful . Alternatively, a nomogram can be used to check an answer obtained from another, more exact but possibly error-prone calculation.
How many scales are there in a nomogram?
A nomogram for a three-variable equation typically has three scales, although there exist nomograms in which two or even all three scales are common. Here two scales represent known values and the third is the scale where the result is read off. The simplest such equation is u1 + u2 + u3 = 0 for the three variables u1, u2 and u3. An example of this type of nomogram is shown on the right, annotated with terms used to describe the parts of a nomogram.
What is the difference between a Smith chart and a nomogram?
An impedance Smith chart (with no data plotted) Like a slide rule, a nomogram is a graphical analog computation device, and like the slide rule, its accuracy is limited by the precision with which physical markings can be drawn, reproduced, viewed, and aligned.
What are the parameters of a nomogram?
It uses four parameters: α (fixed), effect size ( ρ or δ ), statistical power, and number of cases N (two scales for α = .05 (liberal) or .01 (conservative)).
How to get results from a nomogram?
Results from a nomogram are obtained very quickly and reliably by simply drawing one or more lines. The user does not have to know how to solve algebraic equations, look up data in tables, use a slide rule, or substitute numbers into equations to obtain results.
When was nomography invented?
The field of nomography was invented in 1884 by the French engineer Philbert Maurice d'Ocagne (1862–1938) and used extensively for many years to provide engineers with fast graphical calculations of complicated formulas to a practical precision.
What is a nomogram?
( nōm'ō-gram ), 1. A form of line chart showing scales for the variables involved in a particular formula such that corresponding values for each variable lie in a straight line intersecting all the scales. 2.
Is tonography reliable for glaucoma?
The results of tonography can indicate the presence of established glaucoma, although the technique is not very reliable for borderline cases. Millodot: Dictionary of Optometry and Visual Science, 7th edition. © 2009 Butterworth-Heinemann.
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Overview
A nomogram (from Greek nomos νόμος, "law" and grammē γραμμή, "line"), also called a nomograph, alignment chart, or abac, is a graphical calculating device, a two-dimensional diagram designed to allow the approximate graphical computation of a mathematical function. The field of nomography was invented in 1884 by the French engineer Philbert Maurice d'Ocagne (1862–1938) and us…
Description
A nomogram for a three-variable equation typically has three scales, although there exist nomograms in which two or even all three scales are common. Here two scales represent known values and the third is the scale where the result is read off. The simplest such equation is u1 + u2 + u3 = 0 for the three variables u1, u2 and u3. An example of this type of nomogram is shown on the right, ann…
Applications
Nomograms have been used in an extensive array of applications. A sample includes:
• The original application by d'Ocagne, the automation of complicated cut and fill calculations for earth removal during the construction of the French national railway system. This was an important proof of concept, because the calculations are non-trivial and the results translated into significant savings of time, effort, and money.
Examples
The nomogram below performs the computation:
This nomogram is interesting because it performs a useful nonlinear calculation using only straight-line, equally graduated scales. While the diagonal line has a scale times larger than the axes scales, the numbers on it exactly match those directly below or to its left, and thus it can be easily created by drawing a strai…
See also
• Cartogram
• Hilbert's thirteenth problem
• Load line (electronics)
• Log-log graph
• Semilog graph
Further reading
• D.P. Adams, Nomography: Theory and Application, (Archon Books) 1964.
• H.J. Allcock, J. Reginald Jones, and J.G.L. Michel, The Nomogram. The Theory and Practical Construction of Computation Charts, 5th ed., (London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.) 1963.
• S. Brodestsky, A First Course in Nomography, (London, G. Bell and Sons) 1920.
External links
• Weisstein, Eric W. "Nomogram". MathWorld.
• The Art of Nomography describes the design of nomograms using geometry, determinants, and transformations.
• The Lost Art of Nomography is a math journal article surveying the field of nomography.