What is Euryarchaeota in biology?
Euryarchaeota. Euryarchaeota (Greek for "broad old quality") is a phylum of archaea. The Euryarchaeota are highly diverse and include methanogens, which produce methane and are often found in intestines, halobacteria, which survive extreme concentrations of salt, and some extremely thermophilic aerobes and anaerobes.
Is Euryarchaeota Cavalier-Smith 2002 a valid taxonomic name?
1) not Euryarchaeota Cavalier-Smith 2002 2) This taxonomic name has been effectively published but not validly published under the rules of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (Bacteriological Code). Comments and References:
Are Euryarchaeota obligate or facultative aerobes?
The euryarchaeota Halobacteria, Thermoplasma, and many species of the crenarchaeota comprising genera as Sulfolobus, Acidianus, Metallosphera, or Pyrobaculum are obligate or facultative aerobes. Their respiratory systems essentially resemble modular components of respiratory chains as found in oxygen-respiring bacteria.
Is Euryarchaeota Gram positive or negative?
Euryarchaeota may appear either gram-positive or gram-negative depending on whether pseudomurein is present in the cell wall. Euryarchaeota also demonstrate diverse lifestyles, including methanogens, halophiles, sulfate-reducers, and extreme thermophiles in each.
What is the common name of Euryarchaeota?
Map toMnemonic i9EURYCommon name i-Synonym i-Other names i›"Euryarchaeota" Woese et al. 1990 ›Euryarchaeota Garrity and Holt 2002 ›Methanobacteraeota ›Methanobacteraeota Oren et al. 2015 ›Methanobacteriota More » ›euryarchaeotes LessRank iPHYLUM5 more rows
What genus is Euryarchaeota?
The euryarchaeota Halobacteria, Thermoplasma, and many species of the crenarchaeota comprising genera as Sulfolobus, Acidianus, Metallosphera, or Pyrobaculum are obligate or facultative aerobes.
What is the scientific name of Archaea?
ArchaeaArchaeans / Scientific namePhylum Nanoarchaeota. Archaea or Archaebacteria is a major division of living organisms, as well as the name of the members of this group, which in singular form are known as archaeon, archaeum, or archaean.
Are Euryarchaeota thermophiles?
Many Euryarchaeota are extreme thermophiles.
What is an example of Euryarchaeota?
Haloarcha...Methanos...Halobacter...Methanob...Methanos...Thermopla...Euryarchaeota/Lower classifications
What is the role of Euryarchaeota?
classification and characteristics of archaea In the subdivision Euryarchaeota, uncultivated organisms in deep-sea marine sediments are responsible for the removal of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, via anaerobic oxidation of methane stored in these sediments.
Is Euryarchaeota prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Euryarchaeota (from Ancient Greek εὐρύς eurús, "broad, wide") is a phylum of archaea....EuryarchaeotaHalobacterium sp. strain NRC-1, each cell about 5 µm in length.Scientific classificationDomain:ArchaeaKingdom:Euryarchaeota Woese, Kandler & Wheelis, 19905 more rows
What is the scientific name for eubacteria?
BacteriaBacteria / Scientific nameeubacterium, plural eubacteria, also called bacteria, term formerly used to describe and differentiate any of a group of prokaryotic true bacteria from the archaebacteria.
What are the 4 types of archaebacteria?
The major types of Archaebacteria are discussed below:Crenarchaeota. The Crenarchaeota are Archaea, which exist in a broad range of habitats. ... Euryarchaeota. ... Korarchaeota. ... Thaumarchaeota. ... Nanoarchaeota.
What is thermophiles and halophiles?
Archaea that live in salty environments are known as halophiles. Archaea that live in extremely hot environments are called thermophiles. Archaea that produce methane are called methanogens.
What are halophiles and thermophiles bacteria?
Halophiles are bacteria that thrive in high salt concentrations such as those found in salt lakes or pools of sea water. Thermophiles are the heat-loving bacteria found near hydrothermal vents and hot springs.
What are the 3 types of archaebacteria?
Three types of archaebacteria are halophiles, thermoacidophiles and methanogens.
Where are euryarchaea found?
Microorganisms belonging to the phylum Euryarchaeota inhabit diverse environments: halophilic euryarchaea dominate in hypersaline environments such as solar salterns and salt lakes, methanogenic euryarchaea are found in intestines, anoxic sediments, and sludge digesters, while thermophilic euryarchaea thrive in thermal environments, e.g., hot springs and deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Euryarchaea are also abundant and active in oceanic surface waters.
What are the respiratory systems of euryarchaeota?
Their respiratory systems essentially resemble modular components of respiratory chains as found in oxygen-respiring bacteria. A significant difference is the lack of a proton translocating NADH:quinol oxidoreductase. Instead, type-II NADH dehydrogenases were found, whereas complex-II analogous succinate dehydrogenases are present in all aerobic archaea. Two groups of enzymes can be distinguished: one group resembles the properties of SDHs from bacteria and mitochondria, and the other represents a novel class with unusual iron–sulfur clusters, as well as additional ones in a subunit with homology to methanobacterial heterodisulfide reductase, suggesting a novel electron pathway to the quinone pool. In Halobacteria, menaquinone and ubiquinone function as membrane-integral electron acceptors; in Thermoplasma and thermoacidophilic crenarchaeota like Sulfolobales, these are replaced by caldariella quinone and a variety of similar sulfur-containing thiopheno-benzoquinones. Several archaea such as A. ambivalens contain only fragmentary respiratory chains established from NADH- and succinate-quinone reductases and a heme/Cu-type quinol oxidase as terminal electron acceptor; the latter serves as the only energy-conserving proton pump. Rieske Fe–S proteins are present in Halobacteria, Sulfolobales, and Pyrobaculum for example, but cytochrome c and regular quinol:cytochrome c reductases are absent in many species. Instead, analogous functions are replaced by alternate membrane protein assemblies, for example, the SoxLN complex of S. acidocaldarius, using different electron acceptors as, for example, a mono-heme b-type cytochrome and/or blue copper proteins like sulfocyanine from various Sulfolobus species, or halocyanines from Natronomonas or Halobacterium salinarum. The proton pumping terminal heme/Cu-type oxidases are organized as supercomplexes in some thermoacidophilic crenarchaeota that combine features of quinol- and cytochrome c oxidases. The best-investigated examples are the SoxM complex and the SoxABCD complex from Sulfolobus.
What are the methanogenic archaea?
Methanogenic archaea constitute a phylogenetically diverse group of strictly anaerobic Euryarchaeota with an energy metabolism that is restricted to the production of methane from CO2 + H 2, methanol, methylamines, formate, and/or acetate ( Thauer, 1988). Five orders of methanogens have been identified: Methanosarcinales, Merthanococcales, Methanomicrobiales, Methanopyrales, and Methanobacteriales. A recent review by Thauer and colleagues compared the physiological and biochemical properties of methanogenic archaea with and without cytochromes (Thauer et al., 2008 ). Methanogenic archaea with cytochromes all belong to the order of Methanosarcinales including the Methanosarcina, Methanolobus, and Methanosaeta genera. All members of the Methanosarcinales order also have a broad substrate spectrum and contain methanophenazine (a functional analogue of menaquinone) ( Abken et al., 1998 ). Methanogens with cytochromes have a much higher growth yield on CO 2 + H 2 and a higher threshold concentration for H 2 than methanogens without cytochromes. Methanogenic archaea with cytochromes contain no hyperthermophilic species and have doubling times generally higher than 10 h ( Thauer et al., 2008 ).
What kingdom is Haloarchaea?
All salt-loving halophilic Archaea (also called haloarchaea) belong to the kingdom Euryarchaeota and have been classified into a single order (Halobacteriales) and family (Halobacteriaceae); however, a diverse and increasing number of genera (28 at present) have been described (Table 1). Haloarchaea have been isolated from numerous environments of varying salinity and generally dominate over Bacteria and a few Eucarya at the highest salinity extremes. Haloarchaea predominate in environments such as artificial crystallizer ponds, shallow ponds for isolating salts from the sea, as well as natural solar salterns, where isolates of Halobacterium, Halorubrum, Haloarcula, Halogeometricum, and Haloquadratum (including a square-shaped species) are typically detected. The microbial composition of the Dead Sea, which contains an unusually high concentration of magnesium, and ancient salt deposits, some as old as 200 million years (from the Permian period), have yielded haloarchaeal isolates, such as Haloarcula, Halobacterium, Halococcus, Haloferax, and Halorubrum. The true age of isolates from ancient salt deposits is quite controversial, since some metabolic activity occurring in the entrapped state cannot be strictly ruled out. Another typical environmental niche for haloarchaea are other neutral and alkaline hypersaline lakes, for example, the north arm of Great Salt Lake in the western United States (separated from the south arm by a railroad causeway), Lake Assal in Djibouti, and Lake Magadi in the Rift Valley of Africa, where species of Haloarcula, Natronococcus, and Natronomonas have been isolated. Species of Halobiforma, Halomicrobium, Halogeometricum, and Haloterrigena have been isolated from less salty environments such as coastal oceans, marshes, and soils. Traditionally, halophilic Archaea, such as Halobacterium, were isolated from salted protein sources such as fish sauces and animal hides.
What are the two morphotypes of Archaea?
The morphotypes of archaeal viruses reflect the division of the domain Archaea into two kingdoms, the Euryarchaeota and the Crenarchaeota. All but two viruses of euryarchaeotes are typical head-and-tail phages, including virions with contractile and noncontractile tails, thus belonging to the families Myoviridae and Siphovoridae. All have double-stranded DNA genomes. Circular permutation and terminal redundancy of the genomes of some phages indicate a headful mechanism of packaging from concatemeric precursors.
How many euryarchaeal viruses are there?
Today, more than 110 euryarchaeal virus isolates or virus-like particles (VLPs) are described.
What phylum are halophilic archaea in?
Until 2012, all extremely halophilic archaea were included within the phylum Euryarchaeota. However, that year a new group of unusually small extremely halophilic Archaea was discovered in Australian solar salterns. This group turned out to be very widespread and rather abundant in hypersaline systems worldwide. It was later named as Nanohalorcheaota and included within the archaeal superphylum DPANN, formed by phyla belonging to the so-called “microbial dark matter”, since no culture representatives are available so far. Soon after, metagenomic analyses allowed the tentative assignment of new haloviruses to this newly discovered host.
Euryarchaeota
Euryarchaeota (domain Archaea) The more derived (see apomorph) of the two kingdoms of Archaea, comprising a broad range of phenotypes including methanogens, halophiles, and sulphur-reducing organisms.
Euryarchaeota
Euryarchaeota (domain Archaea) The more derived (see APOMORPH) of the two kingdoms of Archaea, comprising a broad range of phenotypes including methanogens, halophiles, and sulphur-reducing organisms.
Euryarchaeota
Euryarchaeota (domain Archaea) The more derived (see APOMORPH) of the 2 kingdoms of Archaea, comprising a broad range of phenotypes including mechanogens, halophiles, and sulphate-reducing organisms. Members of the Euryarchaeota show less genetic similarity to those belonging to the domains Eucarya and Bacteria than do those of the Crenarchaeota.
Where are euryarchaea found?
Microorganisms belonging to the phylum Euryarchaeota inhabit diverse environments: halophilic euryarchaea dominate in hypersaline environments such as solar salterns and salt lakes, methanogenic euryarchaea are found in intestines, anoxic sediments, and sludge digesters, while thermophilic euryarchaea thrive in thermal environments, e.g., hot springs and deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Euryarchaea are also abundant and active in oceanic surface waters.
What are the respiratory complexes of the euryarchaeota?
Respiratory Complexes#N#The euryarchaeota Halobacteria, Thermoplasma, and many species of the crenarchaeota comprising genera as Sulfolobus, Acidianus, Metallosphera, or Pyrobaculum are obligate or facultative aerobes. Their respiratory systems essentially resemble modular components of respiratory chains as found in oxygen-respiring bacteria. A significant difference is the lack of a proton translocating NADH:quinol oxidoreductase. Instead, type-II NADH dehydrogenases were found, whereas complex-II analogous succinate dehydrogenases are present in all aerobic archaea. Two groups of enzymes can be distinguished: one group resembles the properties of SDHs from bacteria and mitochondria, and the other represents a novel class with unusual iron–sulfur clusters, as well as additional ones in a subunit with homology to methanobacterial heterodisulfide reductase, suggesting a novel electron pathway to the quinone pool. In Halobacteria, menaquinone and ubiquinone function as membrane-integral electron acceptors; in Thermoplasma and thermoacidophilic crenarchaeota like Sulfolobales, these are replaced by caldariella quinone and a variety of similar sulfur-containing thiopheno-benzoquinones. Several archaea like A. ambivalens contain only fragmentary respiratory chains established from NADH- and succinate-quinone reductases and a heme/Cu-type quinol oxidase as terminal electron acceptor; the latter serves as the only energy-conserving proton pump. Rieske Fe–S proteins are present in Halobacteria, Sulfolobales, and Pyrobaculum for example, but cytochrome c and regular quinol:cytochrome c reductases are absent in many species. Instead, analogous functions are replaced by alternate membrane protein assemblies, e.g., the SoxLN complex of S. acidocaldarius, using different electron acceptors as, for example, a mono-heme b-type cytochrome and/or blue copper proteins like sulfocyanine from various Sulfolobus species, or halocyanines from Natronomonas or Halobacterium salinarum. The proton pumping terminal heme/Cu-type oxidases are organized as supercomplexes in some thermoacidophilic creanarchaeota that combine features of quinol- and cytochrome c oxidases. The best-investigated examples are the SoxM complex and the SoxABCD complex from Sulfolobus.
How many species are in the halobacteria class?
The class Halobacteria, affiliated with the archaeal phylum Euryarchaeota, currently (May 2018) encompasses 3 orders and 6 families with a total of 59 genera and 246 species ( Table 1 ). The class was circumscribed on the basis of small subunit rRNA gene sequence similarity, the high salt requirement of its members, and their physiological and chemotaxonomic features.
What is the T. kodakaraensis genome?
T. kodakaraensis KOD1 is a sulfur-reducing hyperthermophilic Euryarchaeote that cohabits environments with Pyrococcus. Annotation of the 2.09 Mbp T. kodakaraensis genome revealed 2306 putative genes, half of which could be annotated. The presence of transposable genetic elements similar to Pyrococcus species suggested transfer of genes between the two related genera. However, a substantial number of genes (about 30%) were absent from Pyrococcus and unique to T. kodakaraensis. A facile gene knockout system has been developed for postgenomic analysis of this hyperthermophile and it has become a popular model for postgenomic studies among thermophiles.
Which order of marine generalists are both archaea and a heterotroph?
There are two Orders of marine generalist that are both archaea: the Archaeoglobales in the Euryarchaeota and the Desulfurococcales in the Crenarchaeota ( Table 1 ). They are obligate heterotrophs or facultative autotrophs that use a wide range of electron donors and acceptors. The Archaeoglobales reduce sulfate, thiosulfate, iron, and nitrate; although elemental sulfur inhibits their growth. Archaeoglobus are facultative autotrophs or heterotrophs that reduce sulfate and thiosulfate to hydrogen sulphide. In contrast, neither Ferroglobus nor Geoglobus can reduce sulfate. Ferroglobus species can oxidize Fe (II), hydrogen, sulphide, acetate, and aromatic compounds and reduce nitrate, thiosulfate, Fe 3+ -citrate, and ferrihydrite. Geoglobus species grow autotrophically by hydrogen oxidation and are obligately dependent on either Fe 3+ -citrate or ferrihydrite as terminal electron acceptors.
Is Euryarchaeota hyperthermophilic?
No virus has ever been reported to infect the hyperthermophilic Euryarchaeota. However, two major groups of VLPs, rod-shaped particles and spindle-shaped particles, have been observed in enrichment cultures of samples obtained from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. In 2003, such spindle-shaped VLPs were discovered in supernatant of a ‘Pyrococcus abysii ’ culture and were designated ‘ P. abysii ’ virus 1 (PAV1). PAV1 is continuously released, but does not cause lysis of host cells and cannot be induced to infectivity using ultraviolet or γ irradiation, mitomycin C, or heat or pressure shock. No viral genomes integrated into the host chromosome have been detected.
