Introduction
- Romanowsky stains are neutral stains composed of a mixture of oxidized methylene blue (azure) dyes and Eosin Y.
- The azures are basic dyes that bind acid nuclei and result in a blue to purple color.
- The acid dye, eosin, is attracted to the alkaline cytoplasm, producing red coloration.
What do we know about Romanowsky staining?
Understanding Romanowsky staining. I: The Romanowsky-Giemsa effect in blood smears Normal blood smears were stained by the standardised azure B-eosin Y Romanowsky procedure recently introduced by the ICSH, and the classical picture resulted.
What is Giemsa-Romanovsky stain used for?
For more than 100 years Giemsa-Romanovsky stains have been used in daily routine practice of hematologists for examination of blood cells [11] [12] [13]. During these staining procedures the cell preparations are immersed in methanol and aqueous dye solutions [14], which provoke a loss of soluble intracellular substances including lipids. ...
What parasites can be Romanowsky stained?
Multicellular parasites, e.g., tapeworms, also may be Romanowsky stained. As this is done mechanistically unremarkable; see below. 3. The phenomenon of the “ carmine ” or “ red pur-
What is the Romanowsky effect?
This phenomenon is referred to as the Romanowsky effect, or more generally as metachromasia. Blood film stained with Giemsa showing Plasmodium (center of image), the parasite that causes malaria infections.
What is Romanowsky stain used for?
Romanowsky-type stains are used to differentiate cells for microscopic examination in pathological specimens, especially blood and bone marrow films, and to detect parasites such as malaria within the blood.
What are romanowsky stains give example?
Romanowsky stains include Wright's, Giemsa, Wright-Giemsa, May-Grunwald-Giemsa and Diff-Quik. Buffer is essential to enable the dyes to precipitate out of the solution and bind to sample material. The azures are basic dyes that bind acid nuclei and result in a blue to purple color.
Why are romanowsky stains still valuable?
The peculiar advantages of Romanowsky staining are noted, namely, the polychromasia achieved in a technically simple manner with the potential for stain intensification of "the color purple." Accounts are provided of a variety of physicochemically relevant topics, namely, acidic and basic dyeing, peculiarities of ...
What is the Romanowsky effect?
Romanowsky-type stains can be made from either a combination of pure dyes, or from methylene blue that has been subject to oxidative demethylation, which results in the breakdown of methylene blue into multiple other stains, some of which are necessary to produce the Romanowsky effect.
Who invented the staining method?
Although debate exists as to who deserves credit for this general staining method, popular usage has attributed it to Dmitri Leonidovich Romanowsky. In the 1870s Paul Ehrlich used a mixture of acidic and basic dyes including acid fuchsin (acid dye) and methylene blue (basic dye) ...
What is the color of azure in a giemsa stain?
Giemsa stain is composed of "Azure II" and eosin Y with methanol and glycerol as the solvent. "Azure II" is thought to be a mixture of azure B (which Giemsa called "azure I") and methylene blue, although the exact composition of "azure I" is considered a trade secret.
What color is the cytoplasmic granules of Wright's stain?
The addition of Giemsa to Wright's stain increases the brightness of the "reddish-purple" color of the cytoplasmic granules.
What is the name of the stain that James Homer Wright used to make polychromed blue?
Main article: Wright's stain. Wright's stain can be used alone or in combination with the Giemsa stain, which is known as the Wright-Giemsa stain. Wright's stain is named after James Homer Wright who in 1902 published a method using heat to produce polychromed methylene blue, which is combined with eosin Y.
What is the May-Grünwald-Giemsa stain?
The May-Grünwald-Giemsa stain is a two step procedure that includes first staining with May-Grünwald stain, which does not produce the Romanowsky effect, followed by staining the Giemsa stain which does produce the Romanowsky effect.
What color is the chromatin of white blood cells?
In 1891 Romanowsky developed a stain using a mixture of eosin (typically eosin Y) and aged solutions of methylene blue that formed hues unattributable to the staining components alone: distinctive shades of purple in the chromatin of the cell nucleus and within granules in the cytoplasm of some white blood cells.
Rickettsia and Rickettsia-Like Organisms
Clinical signs are not specific; laboratory abnormalities can include leukopenia, a left shift, thrombocytopenia and elevated hepatic transaminases.
Hematologic Aspects of Parasitic Diseases
The blood films stained with Giemsa or Romanowsky stain show ringlike intraerythrocytic parasites. Morphology is variable, and ring, rod, and ameboid forms of Babesia parasites may be seen ( Fig. 158.16 ).
Childhood Leukemia
Stephen P. Hunger, ... Richard Aplenc, in Abeloff's Clinical Oncology (Sixth Edition), 2020
Childhood Leukemia
Dario Campana, Ching-Hon Pui, in Abeloff's Clinical Oncology (Fifth Edition), 2014
Liver and Pancreas
Grace C.H. Yang, Liang-Che Tao, in Comprehensive Cytopathology (Third Edition), 2008
Blood Cell Morphology in Health and Disease
Barbara J. Bain, in Dacie and Lewis Practical Haematology (Twelfth Edition), 2017
Blood and Lymph
Donald B. McMillan, Richard J. Harris, in An Atlas of Comparative Vertebrate Histology, 2018
What is the name of the stain that was created by Gustav Giemsa?
Giemsa Stain: Principle, Procedure, Results. Giemsa stain is a type of Romanowsky stain, named after Gustav Giemsa, a German chemist who created a dye solution. It was primarily designed for the demonstration of malarial parasites in blood smears, but it is also employed in histology for routine examination of blood smears.
How long to leave giemsa in water?
Follow the aforementioned steps but with the dilute stain of 1:40 dilution (add 0.5 ml stock Giemsa solution to 19.5 ml buffered water) and leave the stain for 90-120 minutes.
How to make powder stain?
For In-house preparation of stain: Weigh the required amount of powder stain, and transfer to a clean, dry 1litre capacity bottle. Add methanol and mix well. Measure and add glycerol and mix well. Place the bottle of stain in water bath at 50-60°C or at 37°C for up to 2hours with frequent mixing.
How much dilution for thick blood smear?
The method for staining, concentration and timing of stain used varies according to the purpose, for example, thin blood smears use 1:20 dilution of stock whereas for thick blood smear 1:50 dilution is used.
What is the basic color of a cell?
Methylene blue acts as the basic dye, which stains the acidic components, especially the nucleus of the cell. Methanol act as a fixative as well as the cellular stain. The fixative does not allow any further change in the cells and makes them adhere to the glass slide.
What parasites have a red nucleus?
Malaria parasite. Malaria parasites have a red or pink nucleus and blue cytoplasm. If P. vivax is seen, the Schüffner dots are seen as an even carpet of pink dots in the cytoplasm of red blood cells. If P. falciparum is observed, Maurer clefts will be seen as unevenly distributed, coarse bodies in the red cell cytoplasm.
Can you make gimemsa stain in house?
Giemsa stain can be prepared in house using Giemsa stain powder or can be commercially obtained. The basic ingredients of both are the same; however, dilutions can be made depending on use.
Overview
Romanowsky staining, also known as Romanowsky–Giemsa staining, is a prototypical staining technique that was the forerunner of several distinct but similar stains widely used in hematology (the study of blood) and cytopathology (the study of diseased cells). Romanowsky-type stains are used to differentiate cells for microscopic examination in pathological specimens, especially blood and bone …
Mechanism
The value of Romanowsky staining lies in its ability to produce a wide range of hues, allowing cellular components to be easily differentiated. This phenomenon is referred to as the Romanowsky effect, or more generally as metachromasia.
In 1891 Romanowsky developed a stain using a mixture of eosin (typically eosin Y) …
Types
The May-Grünwald-Giemsa stain is a two step procedure that includes first staining with May-Grünwald stain, which does not produce the Romanowsky effect, followed by staining the Giemsa stain which does produce the Romanowsky effect.
Wright's stain can be used alone or in combination with the Giemsa stain, which is known as the Wright-Giemsa stain. Wright's stain is named after James Homer Wright who in 1902 published …
Clinical importances
Romanowsky-type stains are widely used in the examination of blood, in the form of blood films, and in the microscopic examination of bone marrow biopsies and aspirate smears. Examination of both blood and bone marrow can be of importance in the diagnosis of a variety of blood diseases. In the United States the Wright and Wright-Giemsa variants of the Romanowsky-type stains are wid…
History
Although debate exists as to who deserves credit for this general staining method, popular usage has attributed it to Dmitri Leonidovich Romanowsky.
In the 1870s Paul Ehrlich used a mixture of acidic and basic dyes including acid fuchsin (acid dye) and methylene blue (basic dye) to examine blood films. In 1888 Cheslav Ivanovich Chenzinsky used methylene blue, but substituted the acid fuchsin used by Ehrlich with eosin. Chenzinsky's st…
See also
• Liu's stain
• Malaria antigen detection tests
• Papanicolaou stain
• Staining (biology)