What is Anthracite?
- Structure of Anthracite Coal
- Composition of Anthracite Coal. Sulfur − 0.23-1.2% Silica oxide − 2.2-5.4% Ferric oxide − 0.4%
- Classification of Anthracite. ...
- High-Grade Forms of Anthracite. ...
- Terms Related to Anthracite. ...
- Features of Anthracite. ...
- Use of Anthracite Coal. ...
- Reserves of Anthracite. ...
- Different Forms of Anthracite Fuel. ...
| Names: anthracite, semi-anthracite coal, bituminous coal | |
|---|---|
| Chemical composition: carbon − 77%, ash − 6-16% | |
| Trace elements: sulfur − 0.23-1.2%, silica oxide − 2.2-5.4%, alumina − 2%, ferric oxide − 0.4% | |
| PHYSICAL PROPERTIES | |
| Density, g/cm3: 1.3-1.8 | Mohs hardness: 2.2-3.8 |
What is the carbon content of anthracite coal?
It has a carbon content of over 87% on a dry ash-free basis. Anthracite coal generally has the highest heating value per ton on a mineral-matter-free basis. It is often subdivided into semi-anthracite, anthracite, and meta-anthracite on the basis of carbon content.
What is anthracite used for in coal mining?
Since the 1980s, anthracite refuse or mine waste has been used for coal power generation in a form of recycling. The practice known as reclamation is being applied to culm piles antedating laws requiring mine owners to restore lands to their approximate original condition.
How is the anthracite region similar to other coal regions?
The anthracite region is similar to other coal regions in that it has had an extensive history of coal fires. However, the anthracite region is different from many other coal regions in that all of its coal fires appear to have started from human activity.
How many tons of anthracite are mined in a year?
Current U.S. anthracite production averages around five million tons per year. Of that, about 1.8 million tons were mined in the state of Pennsylvania. Mining of anthracite coal continues to this day in eastern Pennsylvania, and contributes up to 1% to the gross state product.
What is anthracite coal composition?
Anthracite contains a high amount of fixed carbon—80 to 95 percent—and very low sulfur and nitrogen—less than 1 percent each. Volatile matter is low at approximately 5 percent, with 10 to 20 percent ash possible. Moisture content is roughly 5 to 15 percent.
What is the mineral composition of coal?
Coal is defined as a readily combustible rock containing more than 50% by weight of carbon. Coals other constituents include hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, ash, and sulfur. Some of the undesirable chemical constituents include chorine and sodium.
What is the composition of anthracite coal and what rock did it come from?
Anthracite is the highest rank of coal. Unlike other types of coal, it is usually considered to be a metamorphic rock. It has a carbon content of over 87% on a dry ash-free basis.
What is the chemical formula for anthracite coal?
Anthracite | C15H11O- - PubChem.
Why do different types of coal have composition?
Coal consists of a variety of substances with different chemical structures. The coal composition depends on the plant-based origin of the raw material and the coalification process. Hence, lignite can have variety of different properties.
Where is anthracite coal formed?
Anthracite is the least plentiful form of coal. In the United States it is found mostly in northeastern Pennsylvania and makes up less than 2 percent of all coal reserves in the country. Smaller amounts of anthracite occur in South Africa, Australia, eastern Ukraine, western Canada, China, and other countries.
What is the parent rock of anthracite?
bituminous coalAnthracite Coal - Low grade (if T is too high, the coal turns to graphite), Parent Rock = bituminous coal.
Is coal a rock or mineral?
Coal is a black sedimentary rock that can be burned for fuel and used to generate electricity. Coal is the leading source of energy in the United States. Coal is a black or brownish-black sedimentary rock that can be burned for fuel and used to generate electricity.
What is the difference between anthracite and coal?
Difference between anthracite and coals with a lower rank is obvious not only because of luster but also because it does not soil fingers . It has a smooth shiny black surface that may resemble obsidian but the material it not as dense and lacks the look of a glass.
Which country produces the most anthracite?
Total world production of anthracite was 606 million metric tons in 2011 and it is rising fast. It was only 445 million tons just five years earlier. China is by far the largest producer, followed by Ukraine and Russia 2. Bituminous coal has lower rank and calorific value but it is more common than anthracite.
What is the highest rank of coal?
Anthracite is a type of coal with a highest rank. Coal rank measures the carbon content which is in correlation with calorific value and metamorphic grade. It has a very high carbon (over 90%) and low volatile content (below 5%) 1. Anthracite is a shiny black rock.
Which type of coal is the most environmentally friendly?
Anthracite is the most desirable type of coal because it contains more energy than other types and it is also the most environmentally friendly of them because of purity. Unfortunately, only approximately 1% of all the coal is anthracite.
Is anthracite a metamorphic rock?
Anthracite, unlike other coal types which are sedimentary rocks, is a metamorphic rock. It was buried so deep that no plant remains have survived. I don’t want to say that coal contains easily recognizable plant remains ...
Is bituminous coal more common than anthracite?
Bituminous coal has lower rank and calorific value but it is more common than anthracite. The sample is from the Donets Basin, Ukraine. Width of sample is 8 cm. Lignite or brown coal is even poorer than bituminous coal but it is still extensively mined. Width of the sample from Germany is 6 cm.
Where does the name "anthracite" come from?
Anthracite comes from the Greek word anthrakts , which means "coal-like." Black coal, hard coal, stone coal, dark coal, coffee coal, blind coal (in Scotland), Kilkenny coal (in Ireland), crow coal or craw coal, and black diamond are other names for anthracite. The word "Blue Coal" refers to a once-popular and trademarked brand of anthracite mined by the Glen Alden Coal Company in Pennsylvania and dyed blue at the mine before being shipped to northeastern U.S. markets to differentiate it from its rivals.
What is the highest grade of anthracite?
The highest grades of anthracite coal are high grade (HG) and ultra high grade (UHG). They are the purest types of coal, with the highest degree of coalification, carbon count, and energy content, as well as the fewest impurities (moisture, ash and volatiles).
What is anthracite used for?
Standard grade anthracite is used primarily in power generation, whereas high grade (HG) and ultra high grade (UHG) anthracite are used primarily in the metallurgy industry. Just a few countries around the world mine anthracite, which makes up about 1% of global coal reserves. China produces the bulk of the world's soybeans; other suppliers include Russia, Ukraine, North Korea, South Africa, Vietnam, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and the United States. In 2010, total production was 670 million tonnes. Anthracite is divided into three groups based on the amount of carbon it contains. Standard grade is used as a domestic fuel and in the production of industrial power. The purer higher grades of anthracite are used in steelmaking and other metallurgical industries because they are purer (i.e., they have a higher carbon content). The following are the technical characteristics of different grades of anthracite:
What is burnglo anthracite?
Burnglo Anthracite Smokeless Fuel is a great value for money standard grade coal that's ideal for smoke control areas. It produces a decent amount of heat over a long period of time and has a low, blue flame. Customers that use Burnglo Anthracite Smokeless Fuel in closed appliances such as room heaters, glass-fronted stoves, boilers, and cookers love it.
How many different forms of coal are there?
Answer: Coal comes in four different forms (or "ranks"). Rank describes the stages of “coalification,” a gradual, natural process in which buried plant matter transforms into a denser, drier, more carbon-rich, and harder material. The four ranks are as follows:
What is the precursor to coal?
Answer: The precursor to coal is peat. Peat is a soft, organic material consisting of partly decayed plant and mineral matter. When peat is placed under high pressure and heat, it undergoes physical and chemical changes (coalification) to become coal.
Is anthracite a domestic fuel?
Today, anthracite is primarily used as a domestic fuel in hand-fired stoves or automatic stoker furnaces. Therefore, it is known as anthracite domestic fuel. It provides a lot of energy for its weight and burns cleanly with little soot, so it's perfect for this. Its high cost renders it unsuitable for use in power plants.
What are the properties of anthracite?
It was found 1 that materials containing it have improved strength, stiffness, environmental stress cracking, heat deflection temperature, antistatic properties, weathering resistance, and chemical resistance even if filled with substantial quantities of anthracite (up to 60 wt%).
What is the anthracite region?
The Anthracite Fires. The anthracite region is similar to other coal regions in that it has had an extensive history of coal fires. However, the anthracite region is different from many other coal regions in that all of its coal fires appear to have started from human activity. Learning how to fight the coal fires was a trial ...
Why is anthracite so slow?
Due to its low volatile matter (2–12%), anthracite's combustion process is slow. Most anthracites have low-moisture content (about 3–6%) and their heating value is 34.890 KJ/Kg. Anthracite combusts with hot, clean flame, containing low content of sulfur and volatiles. Due to these characteristics, anthracite is sometimes used in domestic ...
What size burners do you use for anthracite?
These burn anthracite or coke—sizes 20 to 30 mm. They are similar in design to domestic boilers, but are automatically controlled as regards feed, draught, and ash disposal. Oil or gas fired —oil by atomization—gas by aerated or nonaerated burners.
What is the fuel used in a steam boiler?
These are usually of the shell or tubular type used for the supply of steam (or hot water) for process work. Fuel may be coal or coke, gas or oil; as in industrial practice.
How many mine fires are there in Pennsylvania?
According to Steve Jones (Retired Chief, Division of Mine Hazards, Bureau of Abandoned Mine Reclamation, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection) Pennsylvania has 39 active mine fires, more than anywhere in the nation. Of the fires that are being tracked by the Division of Mine Hazards, 14 occur in NE Pennsylvania.
Can anthracite be used in a rotary kiln?
To successfully utilise anthracite in rotary kilns it is necessary to take special precautions such as grinding the pulverised coal (fuel) to high coal fineness and special burner tip design and high retention time in the calciner are necessary to obtain complete combustion.
What is anthracite color?
Anthracites are black to steel gray and have a brilliant, almost metallic lustre. They can be polished and used for decorative purposes. Hard and brittle, anthracites break with conchoidal fracture into sharp fragments. Unlike many bituminous coals, they are clean to the touch.
What temperature is needed for anthracite?
Temperatures ranging from 170 to 250 °C (about 340 to 480 °F) are thought to be necessary for the formation of anthracite. Otto C. Kopp.
Why do anthracites burn?
In the past they were used for domestic heating because they produce little dust upon handling, burn slowly, and emit relatively little smoke.
Where is the least abundant form of coal found?
Anthracite is the least plentiful form of coal. In the United States it is found mostly in northeastern Pennsylvania and makes up less than 2 percent of all coal reserves in the country. Smaller amounts of anthracite occur in South Africa, Australia, eastern Ukraine, western Canada, China, and other countries.
What is hard coal?
Also Known As: hard coal. ... (Show more) Full Article. Anthracite, also called hard coal, the most highly metamorphosed form of coal. It contains more fixed carbon (86 percent or greater on a dry, ash-free basis) than any other form of coal and the least amount of volatile matter (14 percent or less on a dry, ash-free basis), ...
What are the undesirable chemical constituents of coal?
Some of the undesirable chemical constituents include chorine and sodium. For more information check out the Online Kentucky Coal Facts Book, and go to Coal Resources then click on Coal Origin and Properties and Coal Properties/Improvements.
What are the three main categories of coal?
Coals are classified into three main ranks, or types: lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite. These classifications are based on the amount of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen present in the coal. Coal is defined as a readily combustible rock containing more than 50% by weight of carbon.
Overview
Anthracite, also known as hard coal, and black coal, is a hard, compact variety of coal that has a submetallic luster. It has the highest carbon content, the fewest impurities, and the highest energy density of all types of coal and is the highest ranking of coals.
Anthracite is the most metamorphosed type of coal (but still represents low-gra…
Names
Anthracite derives from the Greek anthrakítēs (ἀνθρακίτης), literally "coal-like". Other terms which refer to anthracite are black coal, hard coal, stone coal, dark coal, coffee coal, blind coal (in Scotland), Kilkenny coal (in Ireland), crow coal or craw coal, and black diamond. "Blue Coal" is the term for a once-popular and trademarked brand of anthracite, mined by the Glen Alden Coal Company in Pe…
Properties
Anthracite is similar in appearance to the mineraloid jet and is sometimes used as a jet imitation.
Anthracite differs from ordinary bituminous coal by its greater hardness (2.75–3 on the Mohs scale), its higher relative density of 1.3–1.4, and luster, which is often semi-metallic with a mildly green reflection. It contains a high percentag…
History of mining and use
In southwest Wales, anthracite has been burned as a domestic fuel since at least medieval times, when it was mined near Saundersfoot. More recently, large-scale mining of anthracite took place right across the western part of the South Wales Coalfield until the late 20th century. Mining continues but now on a smaller scale.
Anthracite today
Anthracite generally costs two to three times as much as regular coal. In June 2008, the wholesale cost of anthracite was US$150/short ton.
The principal use of anthracite today is for a domestic fuel in either hand-fired stoves or automatic stoker furnaces. It delivers high energy per its weight and burns cleanly with little soot, making it ideal for this purpose. Its high value ma…
Sizing and grading
Anthracite is processed into different sizes by what is commonly referred to as a breaker. The large coal is raised from the mine and passed through breakers with toothed rolls to reduce the lumps to smaller pieces. The smaller pieces are separated into different sizes by a system of graduated sieves, placed in descending order. Sizing is necessary for different types of stoves and furnaces.
Underground fires
Historically from time to time, underground seams of coal have caught fire, often from careless or unfortunate mining activities. The pocket of ignited coal is fed oxygen by vent paths that have not yet been discovered. These can smolder for years. Commonly, exhaust vents in populated areas are soon sensed and are sealed while vents in uninhabited areas remain undiscovered. …
Major reserves
Among current producers, Russia, China and Ukraine have the largest estimated recoverable reserves of anthracite. Other countries with substantial reserves include Vietnam and North Korea.
Geologically, the largest most concentrated anthracite deposit in the world is found in the Lackawanna Coal Mine in northeastern Pennsylvania, United States in and around Scranton, Penn…
Composition of Anthracite Coal
Classification of Anthracite
High-Grade Forms of Anthracite
Terms Related to Anthracite
How Is Anthracite Different from Bituminous?
- Anthracite differs from ordinary bituminous coal in that it has a higher hardness (2.75–3), a higher relative density of 1.3–1.4, and a semi-metallic lustre with a mildly brown reflection. It has a high proportion of fixed carbon and a low proportion of volatile carbon. It's also free of any soft or fibrous notches, and it doesn't soil your fingers...
Features of Anthracite
Use of Anthracite Coal
Reserves of Anthracite
Different Forms of Anthracite Fuel
Mining Sites of Anthracite