Receiving Helpdesk

what is the function of the proventriculus

by Kaylin Wolf Published 3 years ago Updated 3 years ago

The proventriculus (also known as the true stomach) is the glandular stomach where digestion primarily begins. Hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes, such as pepsin, are added to the feed here and begin to break it down more significantly than the enzymes secreted by the salivary glands.

Full Answer

What is the proventriculus?

The proventriculus is a standard part of avian anatomy, and is a rod shaped organ, located between the oesophagus and the gizzard of most birds.

What does the proventriculus do in a bird's stomach?

The proventriculus acts as the true stomach of a bird, it adds digestive enzymes to helkp break down more complex food compounds. Wiki User ∙ 2009-03-15 00:42:34

How do stones pass through the proventriculus?

The acidic environment in the proventriculus softens the stones, and then the strong muscles of the gizzard grind them into tiny pieces. The stones remain in the gizzard until they are ground into pieces small enough to pass to the rest of the digestive tract.

What connects the esophagus to the proventriculus?

The esophagus continues past the crop, connecting the crop to the proventriculus. The proventriculus (also known as the true stomach) is the glandular stomach where digestion primarily begins.

What is the function of the proventriculus in a pigeon?

From crop the food passes into proventriculus where it is chemically acted by peptic enzyme of gastric juice. From proventriculus the food enters the gizzard where mechanical breakdown of food takes place by muscular contractions of gizzard wall and grinding action of small stones inside the lumen of gizzard.

What does the proventriculus produce?

The proventriculus is a glandular stomach producing digestive enzymes similar to the stomach in dogs and cats. In seed-eating species such as psittacine birds, chickens, and pigeons the ventriculus is extremely muscular and the mucosal surface is covered by a koilin layer (cuticle).

What enzyme is secreted in the proventriculus?

pepsinHydrochloric acid, mucus and a digestive enzyme, pepsin, are secreted by specialized cells in the proventriculus and starts the process of breaking down the structure of the food material.

What is the main function of the gizzard?

Information. The gizzard is the mechanical stomach of a bird. It is located just after the true or glandular stomach in the gastrointestinal system. Since poultry have no teeth and swallow feed whole, this muscular organ, sometimes called hen's teeth, mechanically grinds and mixes the bird's feed.

What is proventriculus in cockroach?

- Stomodeal valve Of cockroach is called proventriculus or gizzard ard. It is a membrane growth present In the stomach of a cockroach lies between the gizzard and midgut. - Its function is to prevent the entry of the food from the midgut into the gizzard. Thus, it prevents the backflow of mixed food into the gizzard.

What is the difference between the proventriculus and the gizzard?

Stomach (Proventriculus/Gizzard): Principally the organ where food is broken into smaller units. It has two parts: the proventriculus for storage and the gizzard. The gizzard is a muscular part of the stomach that uses grit to grind grains and fiber into smaller particles.

What is the structure of proventriculus?

The proventriculus is a standard part of avian anatomy, and is a rod shaped organ, located between the esophagus and the gizzard of most birds. It is generally a glandular part of the stomach that may store and/or commence digestion of food before it progresses to the gizzard.

Do humans have proventriculus?

The first is called the proventriculus or glandular stomach, where digestive enzymes are secreted to begin the process of digestion. This part of the stomach is very much like our stomach. The second part of a bird's stomach (a part we humans don't have) is the gizzard or muscular stomach.

How do birds regulate temperature?

It involves the bird opening its mouth and “fluttering” its neck muscles in order to promote heat loss. Another method some birds use is opening up their wings and spreading their feathers. This allows for circulating air to reach their hot skin and lower their body temperature.

Why is the gizzard important for birds?

The digestive system of a bird is unique in the way it breaks down food. Birds use a muscle in their stomach called the gizzard to grind food down into tiny particles ready for further digestion.

Why do birds have gizzards?

The gizzard is especially useful to birds because they don't have teeth. Instead of chewing their food, many birds swallow stones, allowing the stones to collect in the gizzard where they aid in the process of breaking down foods.

What is the function of gizzard in earthworm?

Gizzard: It is present on 8-9 segment. It is a highly muscular thick-walled organ. It has an inner lining of the cuticle which makes it the hardest part of the alimentary canal. It helps in the grinding of soil particles and decaying leaves.

Where are the neoplasms of the proventriculus located?

Neoplasms of the proventriculus are often located at the isthmus. Carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, adenoma, lymphoma, rhabdosarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma have been described.28-35 Gastric carcinomas and adenocarcinomas are more often described in Brotogeris species, budgerigars, lovebirds, and cockatiels, as well as in smaller numbers of conures, Amazon parrots, cockatoos, African Greys, macaws, and Eclectus. 36 The more prevalent nonneoplastic lesions of the proventriculus and ventriculus of companion bird species include those associated with macrorhabdosis (budgerigars, cockatiels, parrotlets, finches), ulcerative proventriculitis, mineralization (cockatiels, budgerigars, lories and lorikeets, macaws), proventricular dilation disease (many species), and cryptosporidiosis (cockatiels, lovebirds, parrotlets, finches). Less frequent proventricular and ventricular lesions that may be amenable to surgical biopsy include fatty degeneration of the ventricular muscular tunics, transmural fungal ventriculitis, hypertrophy or atrophy of the ventricular muscular tunics, hypertrophy or atrophy of the proventricular mucosa, koilin fragmentation, mucosal papillomas, proventricular and ventricular mucosal granulomas, squamous metaplasia of the proventricular mucosa, proventricular or ventricular candidiasis, and xanthoma. 36

What is the stomach of an avian?

The proventriculus is a glandular stomach producing digestive enzymes similar to the stomach in dogs and cats. In seed-eating species such as psittacine birds, chickens, and pigeons the ventriculus is extremely muscular and the mucosal surface is covered by a koilin layer (cuticle). Together with the grit within the ventriculus a grinding of seeds is achieved. In piscivores and carnivores the ventriculus only has a thin muscular layer and no cuticle.

Which organ has no cuticle?

In piscivores and carnivores the ventriculus only has a thin muscular layer and no cuticle. Food in the stomach is propelled between proventriculus and ventriculus in a series of cycles combining the mechanical and digestive functions of the stomach.

Where are BLI cells found in chicken?

Timson et al. (1979) reported high concentrations of BLI in the chicken proventriculus with moderate amounts being present in the gizzard, while Shulkes et al. (1983) found BLI present in the proventriculus but at nondetectable levels in the gizzard. Vaillant et al. (1979) reported the presence of high concentrations of BLI in turkey proventriculus mucosa; much smaller quantities were present in the muscle layers. Small or negligible concentrations of BLI were reported as occurring in other parts of the avian GI tract ( Timson et al., 1979; Vaillant et al., 1979; Shulkes et al., 1983 ). Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that the chicken ( Timson et al., 1979; Iwanaga, 1983) and turkey ( Vaillant et al., 1979) proventriculus contain GRPLI/BLI-positive cells which are most numerous in the deep mucosal layers among the glandular epithelium and which, ultrastructurally, contain round, electron-dense granules ( Timson et al., 1979 ). Interestingly, GRPLI-positive cells were not frequent in the pyloric antrum, an area presumed to contain a gastrinlike peptide ( Iwanaga, 1983 ). These GRPLI/BLI-positive cells did not contact the lumen and hence appear to be a “closed” type of endocrine cell. In the embryonic period, chicken proventricular BLI-positive cells appeared to be of the “open” type and occurred in the lining epithelium; on hatching, these surface BLI-positive cells rapidly disappeared with the concomitant appearance in the deeper mucosal layers of the “closed” type of BLI-positive cell seen in the adult ( D'Este et al., 1984 ).

What does the arrow on the P3 mean?

The smaller arrows represent small soil particles that are thought to be slowed by the enteric valve armature once it has entered the P3. The larger arrow represent the larger coarse soil particles that are thought to pass through the gut at a faster rate as they are not affected by the enteric valve armature.

How many ridges are there in the enteric valve?

The enteric valve consists of six ridges with more or less sclerotized structures, pads, spines or hairs and their combinations. Although the function of the enteric valve is poorly understood, modern technology such as Confocal Laser Micrography has been used to examine the three-dimensional structure of the valve.

What is the gut morphology of termites?

The gut morphology of termites follows the general compartmentalization into foregut (pharynx, esophagus, crop, proventriculus), midgut and hindgut, which has undergone the highest structural reorganization especially in “higher” termites.

Do birds have a portal system?

Since birds have a venous renal portal system and a hepatic portal system (present in mammals as the portal system), blood and substances absorbed from the caudal intestines pass directly to the kidneys without first passing through the liver or a lymph organ ( Feldman and Kruckenberg 1975 ).

Does the plague bacillus have a proliferator?

Not only does the plague bacillus subvert all non-specific mechanisms of host defence, it has also acquired the ability to proliferate in the hostile environment of its vector. However, Pgm − mutants are unable to block the proventriculus of the flea [99], a lethal process that induces repeated attempts at feeding that assure transmission of the disease. Blockage is known to require an intact Hms operon ( Fig. 103.3a) in the Pgm locus [100]. As noted above, the Hms operon mediates the Hms + phenotype at 26°C but not at 37°C; it comprises hmsHFRS but its expression is dependent on hmsT located outside the deletable region. HmsH and HmsR are outer-membrane proteins that facilitate haemin-binding by stacking and thereby account for the coloured appearance and brittle nature of colonies grown on solid medium containing haemin or Congo red. Similar binding undoubtedly promotes mechanical blockade of the flea gut, but the nuances of this reaction are not fully understood other than the responsible surface layer constitutes a biofim [101]. Exhaustive attempts to define a role for the Hms + phenotype in expressing virulence in the mouse were unsuccessful, indicating that this function serves solely to induce transmission of flea-borne plague [102]. As noted previously, pMT-encoded murine toxin is also required for colonization of the flea vector [41].

What is the ventriculus of a bird?

Ventriculus (Gizzard) The ventriculus, or gizzard, is a part of the digestive tract of birds , reptiles, earthworms, and fish. Often referred to as the mechanical stomach, the gizzard is made up of two sets of strong muscles that act as the bird’s teeth and has a thick lining that protects those muscles (see Figure 5).

Where is the meckel's diverticulum?

The Meckel’s diverticulum is formed during a chicken’s embryonic stage. In the egg, the yolk sac supplies the nutrients needed for the embryo to develop and grow. Right before hatch, the yolk sac is taken into the navel cavity of the embryo. The residual tiny sac is the Meckel’s diverticulum. Figure 6.

Why is the digestive system important for poultry?

An understanding of the avian digestive system is essential for developing an effective and economical feeding program for your poultry flock and for recognizing when something is wrong and taking necessary actions to correct the problem. The digestive system of any animal is important in converting the food ...

Why is the pro ventriculus called the pro ventriculus?

It is called the “ pro ” ventriculus because it comes “before” the ventriculus. The two organs are related, because together, they serve the function of a stomach. The proventriculus serves as the glandular stomach (sometimes called the ‘true stomach’) and the ventriculus ( or gizzard) serves as the mechanical stomach.

What is the purpose of the post crop esophagus?

Then, the post-crop esophagus carries the food from the crop to the proventriculus. Crop – The crop is a bulge or out-pocket of the esophagus where food and water are temporarily stored. For chickens, the main purpose of the crop is to send the hunger signal to the brain when it’s empty. An empty crop is the signal that it’s time to eat!

What are the functions of the pancreas?

Pancreas – The pancreas, wrapped inside the duodenum loop, serves two main functions: 1 Creates digestive enzymes that aid in the digestive process. (Interestingly enough, probiotics are supplements that further stimulate the culturing of these digestive enzymes.) 2 Produces hormones (insulin and glucogen) that keep blood sugar in check. The pancreas secretes these hormones directly into the blood stream to regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates.

Which organ breaks down proteins?

The digestive enzymes from the pancreas mainly break down proteins. The bile from that is passed through the liver from the gall bladder is responsible for breaking down lipids (or fats) and fat soluble vitamins. Fat soluble vitamins include Vitamins A, D, E and K.

What is the area of the chicken's stomach that is responsible for chemical digestion?

For more, read our section on crop impaction. Proventriculus – The proventriculus may be referred to as the glandular stomach. This is an area where chemical digestion takes place. For a chicken, this is where the digestive process, or break down of your organic chicken feed, really begins.

image
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
8.3.21PHP Version1.42sRequest Duration2MBMemory UsageGET {post}Route
  • warninglog[08:37:04] LOG.warning: Creation of dynamic property Barryvdh\Debugbar\DataFormatter\QueryFormatter:...
  • warninglog[08:37:04] LOG.warning: Creation of dynamic property Barryvdh\Debugbar\DataFormatter\QueryFormatter:...
  • warninglog[08:37:04] LOG.warning: Callables of the form ["Swift_SmtpTransport", "Swift_Transport_EsmtpTranspor...
  • warninglog[08:37:04] LOG.warning: Creation of dynamic property Barryvdh\Debugbar\DataFormatter\SimpleFormatter...
  • warninglog[08:37:04] LOG.warning: Creation of dynamic property Barryvdh\Debugbar\DataFormatter\SimpleFormatter...
  • warninglog[08:37:04] LOG.warning: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprec...
  • warninglog[08:37:04] LOG.warning: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprec...
  • warninglog[08:37:04] LOG.warning: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprec...
  • Booting (12.57ms)
  • Application (1.41s)
  • 1 x Application (99.09%)
    1.41s
    1 x Booting (0.88%)
    12.57ms
    7 templates were rendered
    • themes.DevBlog.content.post (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/content/post.blade.php)34blade
      Params
      0
      post
      1
      postContent
      2
      author
      3
      updated_at
      4
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      5
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      6
      bing_related_keywords
      7
      google_related_keywords
      8
      bing_news_title
      9
      bing_news_description
      10
      bing_videos
      11
      bing_images
      12
      bing_search_result_title
      13
      bing_search_result_description
      14
      bing_search_result_url
      15
      bing_paa_questions
      16
      bing_paa_answers
      17
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      18
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      19
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      20
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      21
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      22
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      23
      google_faq_questions
      24
      google_faq_answers
      25
      google_rich_snippet
      26
      google_search_result
      27
      indexedArray
      28
      total_images
      29
      total_videos
      30
      settings
      31
      url_current
      32
      menus
      33
      sidebar
    • themes.DevBlog.layouts.master (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/layouts/master.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    • themes.DevBlog.panels.head (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/panels/head.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    • themes.DevBlog.panels.header (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/panels/header.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    • themes.DevBlog.panels.navbar (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/panels/navbar.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    • themes.DevBlog.panels.footer (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/panels/footer.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    • themes.DevBlog.panels.scripts (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/panels/scripts.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    uri
    GET {post}
    middleware
    web, checkdate
    as
    post.show
    controller
    App\Http\Controllers\Frontend\json_data\PostController@show
    namespace
    where
    file
    app/Http/Controllers/Frontend/json_data/PostController.php:18-166
    7 statements were executed1.39s
    • select * from `posts` where `published_at` <= '2025-07-08 08:37:04' and `slug` = 'what-is-the-function-of-the-proventriculus' and `posts`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
      3.02ms/app/Providers/RouteServiceProvider.php:54receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. 2025-07-08 08:37:04
      • 1. what-is-the-function-of-the-proventriculus
      Backtrace
      • 15. /app/Providers/RouteServiceProvider.php:54
      • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:842
      • 19. Route binding:39
      • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:167
      • 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:78
    • select * from `json_post_contents` where `json_post_contents`.`post_id` = 213811 and `json_post_contents`.`post_id` is not null and `rewrite_id` = 0
      10.21msmiddleware::checkdate:30receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. 213811
      • 1. 0
      Backtrace
      • 19. middleware::checkdate:30
      • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:167
      • 21. /vendor/laravel/jetstream/src/Http/Middleware/ShareInertiaData.php:61
      • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:167
      • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
    • select * from `nova_menu_menus` where `slug` = 'header' limit 1
      550μs/vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/helpers.php:32receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. header
      Backtrace
      • 15. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/helpers.php:32
      • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
      • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:261
      • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
    • select * from `nova_menu_menu_items` where `nova_menu_menu_items`.`menu_id` = 1 and `nova_menu_menu_items`.`menu_id` is not null and `parent_id` is null order by `parent_id` asc, `order` asc, `name` asc
      380μs/vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/Models/Menu.php:35receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. 1
      Backtrace
      • 19. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/Models/Menu.php:35
      • 20. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/helpers.php:33
      • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
      • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:261
    • select * from `nova_menu_menu_items` where `nova_menu_menu_items`.`parent_id` in (1) order by `order` asc
      250μs/vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/Models/Menu.php:35receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Backtrace
      • 24. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/Models/Menu.php:35
      • 25. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/helpers.php:33
      • 27. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 28. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
      • 29. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:261
    • select `id`, `post_title`, `slug` from `posts` where `status` = 'publish' and `posts`.`deleted_at` is null order by RAND() limit 10
      1.37s/app/View/Composers/SidebarView.php:22receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. publish
      Backtrace
      • 14. /app/View/Composers/SidebarView.php:22
      • 15. /app/View/Composers/SidebarView.php:12
      • 16. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:124
      • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:162
      • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:177
    • select * from `fake_users` where `fake_users`.`id` = 49732 limit 1
      940μsview::2dd102cf0462e89a4d4d8bc77355d767652bf9aa:15receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. 49732
      Backtrace
      • 21. view::2dd102cf0462e89a4d4d8bc77355d767652bf9aa:15
      • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:108
      • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 25. /vendor/livewire/livewire/src/ComponentConcerns/RendersLivewireComponents.php:69
      • 26. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:61
    App\Models\FakeUser
    1
    Outl1ne\MenuBuilder\Models\MenuItem
    1
    Outl1ne\MenuBuilder\Models\Menu
    1
    App\Models\JsonPostContent
    1
    App\Models\Post
    11
        _token
        bGUeUupP3v4UccFtp8SPgkofiBUqOrQkvN5AytXi
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://receivinghelpdesk.com/ask/what-is-the-function-of-the-proventriculus" ...
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /what-is-the-function-of-the-proventriculus
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:25 [ "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImR4NHB5a3VqdVovcHMwS0RZS1JPUkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMkxTYjdJK1FMUXVXZTJlWjNiMTdLMTVYQUpFOUZYd0d4bDltZ01wZ1E3VjhKMlU2dXVRcVhnZlo3ZzdEanlvcXJHblcwdUlxeE9qbFJ0YUo2UENQQ0xRMFRmWWxoNlZDM1VmbTZ4VnAxOEFkZnd5UGliQld0a3M4WEloTURWUHMiLCJtYWMiOiIyMzA2NjNkMjcyMjQxOTczYTk2OGRlOGVkZWZmYjMyNWM0ZGZhODFhMmQwZDRmNWRhMDBmYWUyYjJjZDJkMDFkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; askhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6IjBoRmJoVXV3WVQ2ek1jYW1maWEwZ0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTmowUkVFa3ZpS3pWbDMramJTaGhPNWVWaS9kNURMdjZwb0FwUS9TTVRhdGFHUjlKS1NqSlMvMVozRXJLeTRic1Mxc1l4YmI2N05XaCs4Z3YveGFabHJtUVhCZC93Y1RkZE1vMUR2QkMvcXFaWXE1UVR5c25XNll4ZEgwamxKanYiLCJtYWMiOiI0NjhiZTAxN2E1NTQ5M2UzNWRjYWFkYjRmNGY5MzVmNDU4MGIxMzNmOWI5MTY5MmRmZDE1MzYyODc1ZTA2OWY2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; _pk_id.64.7c30=2e74fe20b2e15cfa.1751944022.; _pk_ses.64.7c30=1XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImR4NHB5a3VqdVovcHMwS0RZS1JPUkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMkxTYjdJK1FMUXVXZTJlWjNiMTdLMTVYQUpFOUZYd0d4bDltZ01wZ1E3VjhKMlU2dXVRcVhnZlo3ZzdEanlvcXJHblcwd" ] "cf-ipcountry" => array:1 [ 0 => "US" ] "cf-connecting-ip" => array:1 [ 0 => "216.73.216.119" ] "cdn-loop" => array:1 [ 0 => "cloudflare; loops=1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Chromium";v="130", "HeadlessChrome";v="130", "Not?A_Brand";v="99"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, br" ] "cf-ray" => array:1 [ 0 => "95bc5e8a697a1132-ORD" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "cf-visitor" => array:1 [ 0 => "{"scheme":"https"}" ] "connection" => array:1 [ 0 => "close" ] "x-forwarded-proto" => array:1 [ 0 => "https" ] "x-forwarded-for" => array:1 [ 0 => "216.73.216.119, 172.69.59.127" ] "x-server-addr" => array:1 [ 0 => "154.12.239.204" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "receivinghelpdesk.com" ] ]
        request_server
        0 of 0
        array:56 [ "USER" => "runcloud" "HOME" => "/home/runcloud" "SCRIPT_NAME" => "/ask/index.php" "REQUEST_URI" => "/ask/what-is-the-function-of-the-proventriculus" "QUERY_STRING" => "" "REQUEST_METHOD" => "GET" "SERVER_PROTOCOL" => "HTTP/1.0" "GATEWAY_INTERFACE" => "CGI/1.1" "REDIRECT_URL" => "/ask/what-is-the-function-of-the-proventriculus" "REMOTE_PORT" => "33908" "SCRIPT_FILENAME" => "/home/runcloud/webapps/ReceivingHelpDesk/ask/index.php" "SERVER_ADMIN" => "you@example.com" "CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT" => "/home/runcloud/webapps/ReceivingHelpDesk/" "CONTEXT_PREFIX" => "" "REQUEST_SCHEME" => "http" "DOCUMENT_ROOT" => "/home/runcloud/webapps/ReceivingHelpDesk/" "REMOTE_ADDR" => "172.69.59.127" "SERVER_PORT" => "80" "SERVER_ADDR" => "127.0.0.1" "SERVER_NAME" => "receivinghelpdesk.com" "SERVER_SOFTWARE" => "Apache/2.4.63 (Unix) OpenSSL/1.1.1f" "SERVER_SIGNATURE" => "" "LD_LIBRARY_PATH" => "/RunCloud/Packages/apache2-rc/lib" "PATH" => "/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin" "HTTP_COOKIE" => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImR4NHB5a3VqdVovcHMwS0RZS1JPUkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMkxTYjdJK1FMUXVXZTJlWjNiMTdLMTVYQUpFOUZYd0d4bDltZ01wZ1E3VjhKMlU2dXVRcVhnZlo3ZzdEanlvcXJHblcwdUlxeE9qbFJ0YUo2UENQQ0xRMFRmWWxoNlZDM1VmbTZ4VnAxOEFkZnd5UGliQld0a3M4WEloTURWUHMiLCJtYWMiOiIyMzA2NjNkMjcyMjQxOTczYTk2OGRlOGVkZWZmYjMyNWM0ZGZhODFhMmQwZDRmNWRhMDBmYWUyYjJjZDJkMDFkIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; askhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6IjBoRmJoVXV3WVQ2ek1jYW1maWEwZ0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTmowUkVFa3ZpS3pWbDMramJTaGhPNWVWaS9kNURMdjZwb0FwUS9TTVRhdGFHUjlKS1NqSlMvMVozRXJLeTRic1Mxc1l4YmI2N05XaCs4Z3YveGFabHJtUVhCZC93Y1RkZE1vMUR2QkMvcXFaWXE1UVR5c25XNll4ZEgwamxKanYiLCJtYWMiOiI0NjhiZTAxN2E1NTQ5M2UzNWRjYWFkYjRmNGY5MzVmNDU4MGIxMzNmOWI5MTY5MmRmZDE1MzYyODc1ZTA2OWY2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; _pk_id.64.7c30=2e74fe20b2e15cfa.1751944022.; _pk_ses.64.7c30=1XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImR4NHB5a3VqdVovcHMwS0RZS1JPUkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMkxTYjdJK1FMUXVXZTJlWjNiMTdLMTVYQUpFOUZYd0d4bDltZ01wZ1E3VjhKMlU2dXVRcVhnZlo3ZzdEanlvcXJHblcwd" "HTTP_CF_IPCOUNTRY" => "US" "HTTP_CF_CONNECTING_IP" => "216.73.216.119" "HTTP_CDN_LOOP" => "cloudflare; loops=1" "HTTP_SEC_FETCH_MODE" => "navigate" "HTTP_SEC_FETCH_SITE" => "none" "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" "HTTP_USER_AGENT" => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" "HTTP_UPGRADE_INSECURE_REQUESTS" => "1" "HTTP_SEC_CH_UA_PLATFORM" => ""Windows"" "HTTP_SEC_CH_UA_MOBILE" => "?0" "HTTP_SEC_CH_UA" => ""Chromium";v="130", "HeadlessChrome";v="130", "Not?A_Brand";v="99"" "HTTP_CACHE_CONTROL" => "no-cache" "HTTP_PRAGMA" => "no-cache" "HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING" => "gzip, br" "HTTP_CF_RAY" => "95bc5e8a697a1132-ORD" "HTTP_PRIORITY" => "u=0, i" "HTTP_SEC_FETCH_DEST" => "document" "HTTP_SEC_FETCH_USER" => "?1" "HTTP_CF_VISITOR" => "{"scheme":"https"}" "HTTP_CONNECTION" => "close" "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO" => "https" "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR" => "216.73.216.119, 172.69.59.127" "HTTP_X_SERVER_ADDR" => "154.12.239.204" "HTTP_HOST" => "receivinghelpdesk.com" "HTTPS" => "on" "REDIRECT_STATUS" => "200" "REDIRECT_HTTPS" => "on" "FCGI_ROLE" => "RESPONDER" "PHP_SELF" => "/ask/index.php" "REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT" => 1751944024.7302 "REQUEST_TIME" => 1751944024 ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:4 [ "XSRF-TOKEN" => "bGUeUupP3v4UccFtp8SPgkofiBUqOrQkvN5AytXi" "askhelpdesk_session" => "NkFybDc8GjSFtOx7e1EhuAoVsllcruXVtSdWKaqV" "_pk_id_64_7c30" => null "_pk_ses_64_7c30" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:7 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "private, must-revalidate" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Tue, 08 Jul 2025 03:07:04 GMT" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "expires" => array:1 [ 0 => -1 ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkxNazZVNWdPMUViNHNHelNtWFBJTFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTERLbTNpUFRRT0t4SlhQc3ZOV2hlS1ZNSHBmemJMd2JjdEhCNHNzVFAzTFJyMFo3U0t1VzNONXhqVUMrUitHMFVpMDV2VXJKSVBlaE5sL0dPZjFCRnBlN0dUOXg0alMxZVcwT09IQTA0YlMrZmdWM1V4QXVpckl3Mm9OL3FYK2wiLCJtYWMiOiJjMDIzZDQ4NTg3YTI5YWJjMWMxNzk2YjM1OTVhYmFmNzMzNjBhZjJkNzViMTAyN2Q2OTY2OTEyOWY1YjZmMDI5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Tue, 08-Jul-2025 05:07:06 GMT; Max-Age=7200; path=/; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkxNazZVNWdPMUViNHNHelNtWFBJTFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTERLbTNpUFRRT0t4SlhQc3ZOV2hlS1ZNSHBmemJMd2JjdEhCNHNzVFAzTFJyMFo3U0t1VzNONXhqVUMrUitHMFVpMDV2V" 1 => "askhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6IlpMRW9iNHBzZThaOWtPWFF1c0Y3Zmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMUFvRW9DOUxRL0pLVWI5WFZKTldtYSsyamFVc3NJM0JOZTloTmlEWDY5c2RJTmVSbDZZbTJ1d01DUVBqYlBpVzFNWnFJbHc1eHVGZXkzQThSd0pyT1lMSXQ4eGtLd0VkWVF5RHJIZFk3VFBtTDFyMjFoUnUvSzZtWXFJN3FDNGEiLCJtYWMiOiIxYWYxYTU4YTgyZDMwN2VmNGI1MGE0NzQ4NmViMTIwZGQ5MDNhYmQ1NDBmMzU1MmZjNTFlY2FmYzlkZGQxNjczIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Tue, 08-Jul-2025 05:07:06 GMT; Max-Age=7200; path=/; httponly; samesite=laxaskhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6IlpMRW9iNHBzZThaOWtPWFF1c0Y3Zmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMUFvRW9DOUxRL0pLVWI5WFZKTldtYSsyamFVc3NJM0JOZTloTmlEWDY5c2RJTmVSbDZZbTJ1d01DUVBqYlBp" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkxNazZVNWdPMUViNHNHelNtWFBJTFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTERLbTNpUFRRT0t4SlhQc3ZOV2hlS1ZNSHBmemJMd2JjdEhCNHNzVFAzTFJyMFo3U0t1VzNONXhqVUMrUitHMFVpMDV2VXJKSVBlaE5sL0dPZjFCRnBlN0dUOXg0alMxZVcwT09IQTA0YlMrZmdWM1V4QXVpckl3Mm9OL3FYK2wiLCJtYWMiOiJjMDIzZDQ4NTg3YTI5YWJjMWMxNzk2YjM1OTVhYmFmNzMzNjBhZjJkNzViMTAyN2Q2OTY2OTEyOWY1YjZmMDI5IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Tue, 08-Jul-2025 05:07:06 GMT; path=/XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IkxNazZVNWdPMUViNHNHelNtWFBJTFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiTERLbTNpUFRRT0t4SlhQc3ZOV2hlS1ZNSHBmemJMd2JjdEhCNHNzVFAzTFJyMFo3U0t1VzNONXhqVUMrUitHMFVpMDV2V" 1 => "askhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6IlpMRW9iNHBzZThaOWtPWFF1c0Y3Zmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMUFvRW9DOUxRL0pLVWI5WFZKTldtYSsyamFVc3NJM0JOZTloTmlEWDY5c2RJTmVSbDZZbTJ1d01DUVBqYlBpVzFNWnFJbHc1eHVGZXkzQThSd0pyT1lMSXQ4eGtLd0VkWVF5RHJIZFk3VFBtTDFyMjFoUnUvSzZtWXFJN3FDNGEiLCJtYWMiOiIxYWYxYTU4YTgyZDMwN2VmNGI1MGE0NzQ4NmViMTIwZGQ5MDNhYmQ1NDBmMzU1MmZjNTFlY2FmYzlkZGQxNjczIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Tue, 08-Jul-2025 05:07:06 GMT; path=/; httponlyaskhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6IlpMRW9iNHBzZThaOWtPWFF1c0Y3Zmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMUFvRW9DOUxRL0pLVWI5WFZKTldtYSsyamFVc3NJM0JOZTloTmlEWDY5c2RJTmVSbDZZbTJ1d01DUVBqYlBp" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:4 [ "_token" => "bGUeUupP3v4UccFtp8SPgkofiBUqOrQkvN5AytXi" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://receivinghelpdesk.com/ask/what-is-the-function-of-the-proventriculus" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]