What is selective process in psychology?
Hereof, what is selective process? Selective perception is the process by which individuals perceive what they want to in media messages while ignoring opposing viewpoints. It is a broad term to identify the behavior all people exhibit to tend to "see things" based on their particular frame of reference.
What is selective theory in biology?
selective theory (clonal selection theory) A hypothesis that explains antibody specificity by the existence of a wide variety of antibodies, even before exposure to any particular antigen. ( see also instructive theory) What is the concept of cognitive dissonance?
What is selective exposure theory?
According to Selective Exposure Theory, people tend to seek out the version of a stimulant that they want to be exposed to, such as a form of the stimulant that they are already familiar with.
What is the selective belief principle?
The selective belief principle holds that we filter out stimuli each consciously and unconsciously as we understand the stimuli. Consciously, we’re capable of block out sure stimuli, including colors, sounds, and images.
What are the selective processes?
Selective processes are the means by which individuals' preexisting beliefs shape their use of information in a complex environment. Current interests and opinions influence the acquisition (selective exposure), evaluation (selective perception), and retention (selective memory) of political information.
What is selective process in psychology?
Selective perception refers to the process by which we select, categorize, and analyze stimuli from our environment to create meaningful experiences while blocking out stimuli that contradicts our beliefs or expectations. That is, we focus on certain aspects in our environment while excluding others.
What are the 3 theories of selective exposure?
It comprises three sub-processes: (a) selective exposure, through which people avoid communication that is opposite to their existing attitude; (b) selective perception, when people are confronted with unsympathetic material, either they do not perceive it or they make it fit for their existing opinion; and (c) ...
What is selective factor theory?
Selective exposure is a theory within the practice of psychology, often used in media and communication research, that historically refers to individuals' tendency to favor information which reinforces their pre-existing views while avoiding contradictory information.
What is selective perception examples?
Selective perception is the tendency not to notice and more quickly forget stimuli that cause emotional discomfort and contradict our prior beliefs. For example, a teacher may have a favorite student because they are biased by in-group favoritism. The teacher ignores the student's poor attainment.
What are some examples of selective attention?
Here are some everyday examples of selective attention:Listening to your favorite podcast while driving to work.Having a conversation with a friend in a crowded place.Reading your book on a public transport bus.
What are the four steps of selective process theory?
Selective process theory is comprised of four steps: selective exposure, attention, perception and retention. Through selective processes theory, individuals interpret the media in their own way and tend to avoid messages that do not confirm their beliefs.
Who developed selective exposure theory?
Festinger (1957) proposed that when cognitions conflict, an individual can experience the highly undesirable state of cognitive dissonance. Selective exposure is one of several tools at an individual's disposal to reduce the dissonant state.
What are some examples of selective perception?
Example of Selective Perception. Jane is an avid runner and a self-proclaimed health nut. She spends two hours each day at the gym, eats only healthy, low-fat meals, and is a member of several online fitness groups. Jane is also a cigarette smoker.
What are the factors that influence what we choose to focus on?
Both personal factors and the characteristics of the stimuli influence what we choose to focus on. This is because what we expect is largely determined by personal factors, such as prior experiences, wants and needs, desires, values, gender, age, and interests.
What is selective attention?
Selective attention is the process of directing our awareness to relevant stimuli while ignoring irrelevant stimuli in the environment. This is an important process as there is a limit to how much information can be processed at a given time, and selective attention allows us to tune out insignificant details and focus on what is important.
What is the difference between Treisman's and Broadbent's theory of bottleneck filter?
Treisman (1964) agrees with Broadbent's theory of an early bottleneck filter. However, the difference is that Treisman's filter attenuates rather than eliminates the unattended material.
What is dichotic listening?
The dichotic listening tasks involves simultaneously sending one message (a 3-digit number) to a person's right ear and a different message (a different 3-digit number) to their left ear. Participants were asked to listen to both messages at the same time and repeat what they heard.
Who proposed that physical characteristics of messages are used to select one message for further processing and that all others are lost?
Broadbent (1958) proposed that physical characteristics of messages are used to select one message for further processing and that all others are lost. Information from all of the stimuli presented at any given time enters an unlimited capacity sensory buffer.
Why are Broadbent's and Treisman's models of attention bottleneck models?
Broadbent's and Treisman's Models of Attention are all bottleneck models because they predict we cannot consciously attend to all of our sensory input at the same time.
What is selective exposure theory?
Jump to navigation Jump to search. Theory in psychology referring to the tendency to favor information which reinforces pre-existing views. Selective exposure is a theory within the practice of psychology, often used in media and communication research, ...
How does selective exposure affect political beliefs?
This illustrates how selective exposure can influence an individual's political beliefs and subsequently his participation in the political system. One of the major academic debates on the concept of selective exposure is whether selective exposure contributes to people's exposure to diverse viewpoints or polarization.
Why is selective exposure to consistent information likely to increase dissonance?
At high levels, a person is expected to seek out information that increases dissonance because the best strategy to reduce dissonance would be to alter one's attitude or decision (Smith et al., 2008).
What is the theory of cognitive equilibrium?
The foundation of this theory is rooted in the cognitive dissonance theory ( Festinger 1957 ), which asserts that when individuals are confronted with contrasting ideas, certain mental defense mechanisms are activated to produce harmony between new ideas and pre-existing beliefs, which results in cognitive equilibrium.
What are situational variables?
Numerous situational variables have been identified that increase the tendency toward selective exposure. Social psychology, specifically, includes research with a variety of situational factors and related psychological processes that eventually persuade a person to make a quality decision. Additionally, from a psychological perspective, ...
How does physical appearance affect decision making?
Though physical appearance will impact one's personal decision regarding an idea presented, a study conducted by Van Dillen, Papies, and Hofmann (2013) suggests a way to decrease the influence of personal attributes and selective exposure on decision-making.
What is the meaning of "decision-consistent information"?
The phrase "decision-consistent information" explains the tendency to actively seek decision-relevant information. Selective exposure occurs when individuals search for information and show systematic preferences towards ideas that are consistent, rather than inconsistent, with their beliefs.
What is selective exposure?
Selective exposure can be studied in terms of whether people select news or entertainment, the issues about which people seek information, which medium is selected in obtaining information, and the extent to which like-minded information is preferred.
Why is selective exposure important in political communication?
Understanding selective exposure seems particularly vital in considering the role of communication in a democracy, because it has implications for citizen engagement, for the appreciation of diverse views, and for the creation of communities where citizens can agree on basic facts, to name but a few.
What is the theory of lay epistemics?
Kruglanski’s (1989) theory of lay epistemics also proposes that certain motivations will inspire a preference for congenial information.
When was selective exposure research uncommon?
At least in part because of these critical reviews, research on selective exposure waned. Selective exposure research was uncommon during the 1970s and 1980s. In the mid-1980s, however, several scholars advocated for a return to the intriguing hypothesis.
Is selective exposure an all or nothing phenomenon?
The first asks whether selective exposure is an all-or-nothing phenomenon. As an all-or-nothing phenomenon, people either (1) solely use like-minded information and engage in selective exposure or (2) are not engaging in selective exposure.
What is selective belief?
Using selective belief humans have a tendency to miss or neglect about records that contradicts their ideals or expectations. There are forms of selective belief. Perceptual vigilance refers to humans noticing stimuli including marketing and marketing or information reviews which are considerable to them.
What are the elements that influence selective belief?
Experts say that the elements influencing selective belief consist of preceding experience, attitudes, conditioning, gender, age, race and emotional state . The selective belief principle holds that we filter out stimuli each consciously and unconsciously as we understand stimuli.
Who said we use a selective filter when processing information?
Donald Eric Broadbent, an experimental psychologist, posited that we use a selective filter while processing information. In other words, since our capacity to pay attention is limited, we determine which information we want to attend to.
What is the difference between selective and paying attention?
Attention refers to a cognitive process that helps us respond to and interact with something or someone. Paying attention involves focusing on or tuning out information, perceptions or sensations. Selective attention is a type of attention. It helps you focus on a particular task for a certain period of time.
Why is selective attention important?
Since our attention is limited in terms of capacity and duration, selective attention allows us to focus on things that are relevant at the moment.
What are some examples of selective attention?
Here are some everyday examples of selective attention: 1 Listening to your favorite podcast while driving to work 2 Having a conversation with a friend in a crowded place 3 Reading your book on a public transport bus
Who proposed the Attenuation Theory?
Psychologist Anne Treisman proposed the Attenuation Theory to account for the fact that people were still processing unattended information. Broadbent’s Filter Model couldn’t address this gap, and it’s safe to say that Treisman’s model added layers of sophistication. In a nutshell, Attenuation Theory suggests that we process both attended and unattended information.
What is Selective Perception?
What is selective perception? Selective perception is the process by which humans select, categorize, and analyze stimuli from the environment. Stimuli can be either sensory or based on belief and personal background. Distracting, unimportant, or contradicting information is filtered both consciously and unconsciously.
Selective Perception Examples
Beliefs are strong enough to change perceptions. The placebo effect is an interesting example of selective distortion. For example, participants told they are drinking an alcoholic beverage will feel more intoxicated even if they are drinking a non-alcoholic beverage. The expectation of intoxication creates a perception of intoxication.
What is selective perception?
Selective perception is a form of bias that causes people to perceive messages and actions according to their frame of reference. Using selective perception, people tend to overlook or forget information that contradicts their beliefs or expectations. There are two types of selective perception. Perceptual vigilance refers to people noticing ...
What is perceptual defense?
In contrast, perceptual defense refers to people creating a barrier to screen out stimuli they find threatening or unpleasant. For example, a smoker might filter out a photo of a diseased lung. A classic study that illustrates both types of selective perception.
Overview
Selective exposure is a theory within the practice of psychology, often used in media and communication research, that historically refers to individuals' tendency to favor information which reinforces their pre-existing views while avoiding contradictory information. Selective exposure has also been known and defined as "congeniality bias" or "confirmation bias" in various texts throughout the years.
Effect on decision-making
Selective exposure can often affect the decisions people make as individuals or as groups because they may be unwilling to change their views and beliefs either collectively or on their own, despite conflicting and reliable information. An example of the effects of selective exposure is the series of events leading up to the Bay of Pigs Invasion in 1961. President John F. Kennedy was given the go ahead by his advisers to authorize the invasion of Cuba by poorly trained expatriate…
Theories accounting for selective exposure
Leon Festinger is widely considered as the father of modern social psychology and as an important figure to that field of practice as Freud was to clinical psychology and Piaget was to developmental psychology. He was considered to be one of the most significant social psychologists of the 20th century. His work demonstrated that it is possible to use the scientific method to investigate complex and significant social phenomena without reducing them to the …
Implications
Recent studies have shown relevant empirical evidence for the pervasive influence of selective exposure on the greater population at large due to mass media. Researchers have found that individual media consumers will seek out programs to suit their individual emotional and cognitive needs. Individuals will seek out palliative forms of media during the recent times of economic crisis to fulfill a "strong surveillance need" and to decrease chronic dissatisfaction with life circu…
See also
• Algorithmic radicalization – Hypothesis that social media algorithms drive political radicalization
• Attitude polarization
• Communal reinforcement – Social phenomenon
• Echo chamber – Situation that reinforces beliefs by repetition inside a closed system