What is ppg unit in oil and gas?
What is PPG unit? In the oil industry, mud weight is the density of the drilling fluid and is normally measured in pounds per gallon (lb/gal) (ppg) or pound cubic feet (pcf) . In the field it is measured using a mud scale or mud balance. In conventional drilling fluids, barite is used to increase the density. Click to see full answer.
What is the use of PPG?
PPG is used as a surfactant, wetting agent, dispersant in leather finishing. PPG is also employed as a tuning reference and calibrant in mass spectrometry . PPG is used as a primary ingredient in the making of paintballs .
What is the difference between Peg and PPG?
PPG is less toxic than PEG, so biotechnologicals are now produced in PPG. PPG is used in many polyurethane formulations. PPG is used as a surfactant, wetting agent, dispersant in leather finishing. PPG is also employed as a tuning reference and calibrant in mass spectrometry .
How do you convert psi to PPG?
Equivalent Mud Weight, ppg = pressure in psi ÷ 0.052 ÷ True Vertical Depth (TVD) in ft. Convert pressure in psi unit into equivalent mud weight in ppg by using meters as the unit of measurement. Click to see full answer. Furthermore, how do you convert psi feet to PPG?
What is the density of water in PPG?
8.337 ppgWater Depth Fresh water has a density of 1.00 g/cm3, or 8.337 ppg (pounds per U.S. gallon).
What is maximum mud weight?
Mud can weigh up to 22 or 23 ppg. A gallon of water typically weighs 8.33 pounds. In conventional drilling fluids, barite is used to increase the density.
What is the density of oil in PPG?
Oil density = 7.0 ppg.
Is mud weight as same as mud density?
Mud weight or mud density is a weight of mud per unit volume. It is one of the most important drilling fluid properties because it controls formation pressure and it also helps wellbore stability.
What is a PPG in drilling?
1. n. [Drilling Fluids] Abbreviation for density, pounds per gallon, more correctly written lbm/galUS. For example, the density of water is 8.33 ppg at 60 degF [16 degC].
What is SG drilling?
Density. The next fluid property to describe the drilling fluid is density, or how much the fluid weighs. The two most common ways to express density are in pounds per gallon (ppg) or specific gravity (Sg). As a reference, water weighs 8.34 ppg or has 1.0 Sg.
How do you convert PPG to PSI?
To convert pounds per gallon (ppg) to pressure gradient (psi/ft) Mud gradient (psi/ft) = mud weight in ppg x 0.052 Converting 10 ppg to psi/ft =0.052×10=0.52 psi/ft.
What is the PPG of base oil?
The formulated drilling fluid from the four base oil samples show the same range of densities, with Ty-Chem-Low Tox® synthetic base oil having the highest density of 8.47 ppg followed by re-refined used lubricating oil (8.32 ppg) and Paradril® with 8.30 ppg while Emcaid® had the least density of 8.13 ppg.
What is the unit of oil?
(1) Oil production is measured and reported in barrels, or “bbl.” Production rates are typically reported in terms of barrels per day, which may be abbreviated in several different ways, including bpd, b/d and bbl/d.
How do you calculate mud weight?
0:151:25Mud Weight Calculation - Sample Problem - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipWeight. So we say thirteen thousand pounds per square inch divided by 0.052 times 17200 and thatMoreWeight. So we say thirteen thousand pounds per square inch divided by 0.052 times 17200 and that will equal the mud weight.
How do you measure mud weight?
1:205:07Drilling Fluids Measuring Mud Weight - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipFeet true vertical depth what mud weight would we need well to solve this problem we would take theMoreFeet true vertical depth what mud weight would we need well to solve this problem we would take the formation. Pressure and divide it by . 052 times true vertical depth and that would give us mud
How do you measure mud?
0:203:39How To Use the Fann Mud Balance - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipBy a rider which is moved along the balance arm to indicate the density of the drilling fluid. ThereMoreBy a rider which is moved along the balance arm to indicate the density of the drilling fluid. There is a knife edge attached to the arm near the balance cup.
What is PPG used for?
PPG is used in many polyurethane formulations. PPG is used as a surfactant, wetting agent, dispersant in leather finishing. PPG is also employed as a tuning reference and calibrant in mass spectrometry . PPG is used as a primary ingredient in the making of paintballs .
What is the code for polypropylene glycol?
Chemically it is a polyether, and, more generally speaking, it's a polyalkylene glycol (PAG) H S Code 3907.2000.
How is polypropylene glycol made?
Polypropylene glycol is produced by ring-opening polymerization of propylene oxide. The initiator is an alcohol and the catalyst a base, usually potassium hydroxide. When the initiator is ethylene glycol or water the polymer is linear.
What is the process of converting propylene oxide to polyether polyols?
Between 60 and 70% of propylene oxide is converted to polyether polyols by the process called alkoxylation.
Is PPG a liquid?
PPG has many properties in common with polyethylene glycol. The polymer is a liquid at room temperature. Solubility in water decreases rapidly with increasing molar mass. Secondary hydroxyl groups in PPG are less reactive than primary hydroxyl groups in polyethylene glycol.
What is the difference between ECG and PPG?
ECG (electrocardiography) sensors measure the bio-potential generated by electrical signals that control the expansion and contraction of heart chambers. PPG (photoplethysmography) sensors use a light-based technology to sense the rate of blood flow as controlled by the heart’s pumping action.
Why do PPG sensors require a long settling time?
PPG sensors require a relatively long settling time due to the need for measuring the amount of ambient light and calculating the compensation needed for cancelling its effect. PPG sensors may also require compensation of motion artifacts to produce a reading.
Which is more accurate, ECG or PPG?
ECG sensors directly use electrical signals produced by heart activity. PPG uses electrical signals derived from light reflected due to changes in blood flow during heart activity. Which is most accurate? ECG is a reference standard signal that is used for monitoring cardio health and wellness by healthcare providers .
Can PPG sensors measure HR?
In contrast, PPG sensors are capable only of measuring HR, and less reliably than with ECG biosensors. The key challenges with PPG technology are cancelling the effects of ambient light, accommodating different skin conditions and colors, and dealing with physical motion artifacts.
Can you use PPG on your wrist?
Additionally, PPG can only be used on parts of the body that have a high concentration of blood vessels (for example, it can be difficult to get a good PPG signal from the wrist). To learn more about how ECG and PPG sensors compare for heart rate monitoring, download the free Comparison Chart: Electrical (ECG) vs.
What is a PPG monitor?
Hence, the PPG is an exceptional monitor for cardiac arrhythmia, mostly when employed in conjunction with ECG. The PPG can be employed to measure the ventilator-induced modulations with slight modifications in the display of the PPG.
What is the PPG signal?
PPG measures the absorption/reflection of infrared light emission (wavelength around 940 nm) in the applied microvascular bed by a photosensor. The degree of light absorption/reflection correlates directly with the blood volume changes in the catchment, and a continuous pulse wave signal can be derived. This pulsatile component of the pulse wave is called the AC signal component. In addition, the baseline of the pulsatile wave may vary, and this component is described as the DC component and reflects to average blood volume and finger tissue. 13 This DC component may be affected by respiration, autonomic nerve activation and vasomotor activity, Traube-Hering-Mayer waves, hypovolemia, and thermoregulation.
What is PPG in venous disease?
PPG, with and without compression, is especially useful in the setting of both deep and superficial venous disease. It is also simple and inexpensive to use. If the Doppler examination has disclosed that both the superficial (GSV or SSV) and deep veins (CFV or popliteal) are incompetent, this test can help to determine the relative importance of each segment of the venous system and whether correction of the superficial problem offers the patient sufficient benefit (given the persistent deep vein reflux) to be worth the potential risks of treatment. This is exemplified by the case of a 40-year-old woman with congenital absence of valves within her femoral veins and a history of bilateral leg edema, lymphedema and, more recently, progressive enlargement of varicosities of her main long saphenous trunks. Although it was believed that her main problem was a deep venous defect, the application of this relatively simple examination scheme allowed a more precise understanding of her condition. By manual compression of the patient's GSV, her initial refilling time of 8 seconds lengthened to 19 seconds, indicating a significant contribution by her superficial system to her pathologic hemodynamics. In further testing of these findings, a duplex scan was performed, showing that the peak velocity of reflux flow through the GSV was greater than 33 cm/second, whereas that through her CFV was only 9.5 cm/second. The patient underwent high ligation and division of her GSV as well as postoperative sclerotherapy. Marked improvement in the discomfort and edema in her legs resulted, and she was able to reduce the use of her Lympha Press (Lympha Press, Freehold, NJ) and periodically able to wear hose with less compression without the disabling aching in her legs that she had experienced previously. Other examples of the usefulness of the PPG are illustrated in Case Study 1.
What is a PPG waveform?
The PPG waveform, also identified as the pulse oximeter waveform, is a useful clinical waveform. The waveform, which is a highly filtered quantity of light absorbed by the tissue, is an interaction between the cardiovascular, respiratory, and autonomic systems.
What is a FPPG?
Finger photoplethysmography (FPPG) has been used as a surrogate to invasive hemodynamic monitoring for optimizing AV resynchronization (Fig. 31-64). FPPG accurately tracks beat-to-beat changes in arterial pulse pressure at rest and during exercise and therefore provides an attractive alternative to direct LV pressure recordings. At rest, FPPG correctly identified positive aortic pulse pressure responses with 71% sensitivity and 90% specificity compared to invasive aortic pressure recordings, and the magnitude of FPPG changes in response to manipulation of the pAVI during CRT was well correlated with positive aortic pulse pressure changes (R2 = 0.73; see Fig. 31-64 ). 112 However, the correlation with negative aortic pressure changes was poor (R 2 = 0.43). FPPG identified 78% of the patients having positive aortic pulse pressure changes in response to manipulation of the pAVI and identified the single pAVI that yielded the maximum increase in pulse pressure in all patients. Maximum increase in systolic blood pressure using FPPG has been used to identity the optimal pAVI during rest and exercise and duplicates the parabolic relationship observed in acute hemodynamic studies.113