What is the meaning of Pergamum?
PERGAMUM pûr’ gə məm ( Πέργαμος, G4307 ). Pergamum is located fifteen m. from the Aegean sea, with the hills around Smyrna and Lesbos in distant view, on a great humped hill that dominates the Caicus plain. This eminence formed Pergamum’s first acropolis.
What is Pergamon famous for?
Pergamon was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2014. Pergamon lies on the north edge of the Caicus plain in the historic region of Mysia in the northwest of Turkey. The Caicus river breaks through the surrounding mountains and hills at this point and flows in a wide arc to the southwest.
Where does the word Pergamos come from in the Bible?
^ An ancient origin for "Pergamos" has often been assumed because of its appearing in the 17th-century King James Bible (Rev 2:12). This was however an erroneous reconstruction by the English translators, and does not appear in the Greek text, which uses either the original Πέργαμον (Rev 1:11) or the dative case Περγάμῳ (Rev 2:12).
When was the Kingdom of Pergamum founded?
The city’s royal estate goes back to the year 282 b.c., when Philetaerus threw off allegiance to Lysimachus, who ruled the land after the breakup of Alexander’s empire. Philetaerus’ dynasty endured only twenty years, but the kingdom of Pergamum thus founded lasted until 133 b.c., almost exactly a cent. and a half.
Pergamon in Myth
History of Research and Excavation
Infrastructure and Housing
Inscriptions
What was the city of Pergamum known for?
healing sanctuaryDuring the first and second centuries CE, Pergamon was also famous for its extensive hospital and healing sanctuary dedicated to the god Asclepius. It stood over half a mile from the acropolis and the main portions of the city, to which it was attached by a paved and colonnaded processional way.
What happened Pergamum?
In short – what happened in Pergamon? The ancient acropolis of Pergamon lies in the north-western coastal region of Asia Minor. ... In 241 BCE he defeated the Celtic tribes that were marauding in Anatolia, thus protecting Pergamon and making the entire region safe. In acknowledgement of this he accepted the crown.
Where is pergamos located?
PergamonAlternative namePergamumLocationBergama, İzmir Province, TurkeyRegionAeolisCoordinates39°07′57″N 27°11′03″ECoordinates: 39°07′57″N 27°11′03″EHistory20 more rows
What do Pergamum mean?
Pergamum. / (ˈpɜːɡəməm) / noun. an ancient city in NW Asia Minor, in Mysia: capital of a major Hellenistic monarchy of the same name that later became a Roman province.
What is the church of Pergamum?
Today we will be looking at the church of Pergamum. At the time, Pergamum was a center of Roman emperor worship, and those in power demanded allegiance to worshiping a god-like emperor. There was a large throne-like altar built on a cliff that overlooked the city. It was for the Greek god Zeus.18-Oct-2020
Is Pergamum Troy?
In his book, John Crowe provides evidence that the Plain of Troy really did exist, and was not a myth. He argues that the Ancient Greek city of Pergamon must have been the location of the Trojan plain, and therefore the city of Troy could be at Bergama.21-Aug-2020
Where was Antipas put to death?
The traditional account goes on to say Antipas was martyred during the reign of Nero (54-68), by burning in a brazen bull-shaped altar at the Appollyon temple in Lyon/ Geneva Switzerland. There is a tradition of oil ("manna of the saints") being secreted from the relics of Saint Antipas.
Where is modern day Thyatira?
Thyateira (also Thyatira) (Ancient Greek: Θυάτειρα) was the name of an ancient Greek city in Asia Minor, now the modern Turkish city of Akhisar ("white castle"). The name is probably Lydian. It lies in the far west of Turkey, south of Istanbul and almost due east of Athens.
How does Rome end up in control of Pergamum?
Pergamon Handed to Rome During the time of Attalus III (r. 138-133 BCE), Pergamon was handed over to the Roman republic to be fully managed by the Roman people and the kingdom was transformed into the Roman province of Asia with Pergamon as its initial capital.14-Jun-2015
How do you say Pergamos?
0:120:39How to Pronounce Pergamos? (CORRECTLY) - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipSo make sure to stay tuned for those how do you say it pergamos pergamos you'd want to stress onMoreSo make sure to stay tuned for those how do you say it pergamos pergamos you'd want to stress on that first pear syllable pergamos.
What is Pergamum in the Aeneid?
Pergamus or Pergamos (Ancient Greek: Πέργαμος), or Pergamia or Pergamea, was a town of ancient Crete, to which a mythical origin was ascribed. ... The site of Pergamus is tentatively located near modern Ag. Eirini, Grimbiliana.
Who are the seven churches today?
Ephesus.Smyrna.Pergamon.Thyatira.Sardis.Philadelphia (modern Alaşehir)Laodicea.
What is Pergamon a good example of?
Pergamon is a good example of a city that expanded in a planned and controlled manner. Philetairos transformed Pergamon from an archaic settlement into a fortified city. He or his successor Attalos I built a wall around the whole upper city, including the plateau to the south, the upper agora and some of the housing - further housing must have been found outside these walls. Because of the growth of the city, the streets were expanded and the city was monumentalised. Under Attalos I some minor changes were made to the city of Philetairos. During the reign of Eumenes II and Attalos II, there was a substantial expansion of the city. A new street network was created and a new city wall with a monumental gatehouse south of the Acropolis called the Gate of Eumenes. The wall, with numerous gates, now surrounded the entire hill, not just the upper city and the flat area to the southwest, all the way to the Selinus river. Numerous public buildings were constructed, as well as a new marketplace south of the acropolis and a new gymnasion in the east. The southeast slope and the whole western slope of the hill were now settled and opened up by streets.
Where is Pergamon located?
Pergamon lies on the north edge of the Caicus plain in the historic region of Mysia in the northwest of Turkey. The Caicus river breaks through the surrounding mountains and hills at this point and flows in a wide arc to the southwest. At the foot of the mountain range to the north, between the rivers Selinus and Cetius, there is the massif of Pergamon which rises 335 metres above sea level. The site is only 26 km from the sea, but the Caicus plain is not open to the sea, since the way is blocked by the Karadağ massif. As a result, the area has a strongly inland character. In Hellenistic times, the town of Elaia at the mouth of the Caicus served as the port of Pergamon. The climate is Mediterranean with a dry period from May to August, as is common along the west coast of Asia Minor.
What are the rules of Pergamon?
Greek inscriptions discovered at Pergamon include the rules of the town clerks, the so-called Astynomoi inscription, which has added to understanding of Greek municipal laws and regulations, including how roads were kept in repair, regulations regarding the public and private water supply and lavatories.
What is the Red Basilica of Pergamon?
Pergamon's other notable structure is the great temple of the Egyptian gods Isis and/or Serapis, known today as the " Red Basilica " (or Kızıl Avlu in Turkish), about one kilometre (0.62 miles) south of the Acropolis at (39 7' 19" N, 27 11' 1" E). It consists of a main building and two round towers within an enormous temenos or sacred area. The temple towers flanking the main building had courtyards with pools used for ablutions at each end, flanked by stoas on three sides. The forecourt of the Temple of Isis/Sarapis is still supported by the 193-metre-wide (633-foot) Pergamon Bridge, the largest bridge substruction of antiquity.
Where is the Library of Pergamon?
The Library of Pergamon was the second largest in the ancient Greek world after the Library of Alexandria, containing at least 200,000 scrolls. The location of the library building is not certain. Since the 19th century excavations, it has generally been identified with an annex of the northern stoa of the sanctuary of Athena in the Upper Citadel, which was built by Eumenes II. Inscriptions in the gymnasium which mention a library might indicate, however, that the building was located in that area.
What is the Temple of Trajan?
On the highest point of the citadel is the Temple for Trajan and Zeus Philios. The temple sits on a 2.9-metre-high (9.5 ft) podium on top of a vaulted terrace. The temple itself was a Corinthian peripteros temple, about 18 metres wide with 6 columns on the short sides and 9 columns on the long sides, and two rows of columns in antis. To the north, the area was closed off by a high stoa, while on the west and east sides it was surrounded by simple ashlar walls, until further stoas were inserted in Hadrian's reign.
What is the oldest temple in Pergamon?
Pergamon's oldest temple is a sanctuary of Athena from the 4th century BC. It was a north-facing Doric peripteros temple with six columns on the short side and ten on the long side and a cella divided into two rooms. The foundations, measuring around 12.70 x 21.80 metres, are still visible today. The columns were around 5.25 metres high, 0.75 metres in diameter, and the distance between the columns was 1.62 metres, so the colonnade was very light for a temple of this period. This is matched by the shape of the triglyphs, which usually consist of a sequence of two triglyphs and two metopes, but are instead composed of three of triglyphs and three metopes. The columns of the temple are unfluted and retained bossage, but it is not clear whether this was a result of carelessness or incompleteness.
What does Pergamum mean?
Also applied to Troy, it means “a citadel,” and Pergamum was preeminently that. Coinage goes back to the 5th cent. before Christ. The city’s royal estate goes back to the year 282 b.c., when Philetaerus threw off allegiance to Lysimachus, who ruled the land after the breakup of Alexander’s empire.
How long did Pergamum remain a city?
For another two and a half centuries, Pergamum remained Rome’s official center in the province. The city was therefore a seat of sovereign government for four full centuries.
What was the first acropolis in Pergamum?
This eminence formed Pergamum’s first acropolis. The foundation of the city was contemporary with the beginnings of urban life in Asia, but little is known of the first centuries. It is certainly pre-Gr. in origin, and its name pre-Gr. Also applied to Troy, it means “a citadel,” and Pergamum was preeminently that.
Why was Pergamum important to Rome?
When Rome was forced to intervene in Asia Minor, to protect her eastern flank from the imperialism of Antiochus of Syria, Pergamum was a useful ally, and an equally useful buffer state, when Antiochus was decisively checked in 190 b.c. at the battle of Magnesia. It was then that Pergamum reached its highest point of power.
What is the second stratum of Pergamum?
The second stratum in Pergamum’s religious history, represented by the Hel. kingdom, shows the worship of Zeus and Athene. The third stratum represents the Rom. period and the imperial cult. Perhaps Antipater, the Antipas of the letter, was the first to suffer martyrdom for rejection of the cult.
Which was the better wager, Rome or Pergamum?
Rome , in such peril, was the better wager. The Republic saw the advantage of a strong bridgehead beyond the Aegean, accepted the royal bequest, and organized the kingdom of Pergamum into the Province of Asia. For another two and a half centuries, Pergamum remained Rome ’s official center in the province.
Where is the altar in Pergamum?
Pausanias in his account of Pergamum, also described the throne-like altar to Zeus on the top of the crag above the city. It was discovered in 1871 and taken to Germany, where it stands reconstructed today in the East Berlin Museum.
What is the meaning of "Pergamos"?
Encyclopedia. PERGAMOS; PERGAMUM. pur'-ga-mos, or pur'-ga-mum (he Pergamos, or to Pergamon): 1. History: Pergamos, to which the ancient writers also gave the neuter form of the name, was a city of Mysia of the ancient Roman province of Asia, in the Caicus valley, 3 miles from the river, and about 15 miles from the sea.
What was the name of the school of medicine in Pergamos?
There was a school of medicine in connection with the temple. Pergamos was chiefly a religious center of the province. A title which it bore was "Thrice Neokoros, " meaning that in the city 3 temples had been built to the Roman emperors, in which the emperors were worshipped as gods.
What were the four gods in Pergamos?
The magnificence of the city continued. 2. Religions: There were beautiful temples to the four great gods Zeus, Dionysus, Athena and Asklepios.
Who was the Roman leader who attempted to seize Pergamos?
His son, Aristonicus, however, attempted to seize it for himself, but in 129 he was defeated, and the Roman province of Asia was formed, and Pergamos was made its capital. The term Asia, as here employed, should not be confused with the continent of Asia, nor with Asia Minor.
Who took the town of Bergama?
However, the town fell into the hands of the Seljuks in 1304, and in 1336 it was taken by Suleiman, the son of Orkhan, and became Turkish. The modern name of the town, which is of considerable size, possessing 15 mosques, is Bergama, the Turkish corruption of the ancient name.
What was the first Christian to be put to death by the Roman state?
Christianity: Christianity reached Pergamos early, for there one of the Seven Churches of the Book of Re stood, and there, according to Revelation 2:13, Antipas was marryred; he was the first Christian to be put to death by the Roman state.
Overview
Main sights
The most famous structure from the city is the monumental altar, which was probably dedicated to Zeus and Athena. The foundations are still located in the Upper city, but the remains of the Pergamon frieze, which originally decorated it, are displayed in the Pergamon museum in Berlin, where the parts of the frieze taken to Germany have been installed in a partial reconstruction.
Location
Pergamon lies on the north edge of the Caicus plain in the historic region of Mysia in the northwest of Turkey. The Caicus river breaks through the surrounding mountains and hills at this point and flows in a wide arc to the southwest. At the foot of the mountain range to the north, between the rivers Selinus and Cetius, there is the massif of Pergamon which rises 335 metres above sea level. The site is only 26 km from the sea, but the Caicus plain is not open to the sea, since the w…
History
Settlement of Pergamon can be detected as far back as the Archaic period, thanks to modest archaeological finds, especially fragments of pottery imported from the west, particularly eastern Greece and Corinth, which date to the late 8th century BC. Earlier habitation in the Bronze Age cannot be demonstrated, although Bronze Age stone tools are found in the surrounding area.
Pergamon in myth
Pergamon, which traced its founding back to Telephus, the son of Heracles, is not mentioned in Greek myth or epic of the archaic or classical periods. However, in the Epic Cycle the Telephos myth is already connected with the area of Mysia. He comes there following an oracle in search of his mother, and becomes Teuthras' son-in-law or foster-son and inherits his kingdom of Teuthra…
History of research and excavation
The first mention of Pergamon in written records after ancient times comes from the 13th century. Beginning with Ciriaco de' Pizzicolli in the 15th century, ever more travellers visited the place and published their accounts of it. The key description is that of Thomas Smith, who visited the Levant in 1668 and transmitted a detailed description of Pergamon, to which the great 17th centur…
Infrastructure and housing
Pergamon is a good example of a city that expanded in a planned and controlled manner. Philetairos transformed Pergamon from an archaic settlement into a fortified city. He or his successor Attalos I built a wall around the whole upper city, including the plateau to the south, the upper agora and some of the housing – further housing must have been found outside these walls. Because of the g…
Inscriptions
Greek inscriptions discovered at Pergamon include the rules of the town clerks, the so-called Astynomoi inscription, which has added to understanding of Greek municipal laws and regulations, including how roads were kept in repair, regulations regarding the public and private water supply and lavatories.