Inductive Coding. Inductive research involves the conversion of raw, qualitative data into more useful quantitative data. Unlike deductive analysis, inductive research does not involve the testing of pre-conceived hypotheses, instead allowing the theory to emerge from the content of the raw data.
What is a coding scheme in qualitative research?
The main approaches to initial coding include:
- In vivo coding
- Process coding
- Open coding
- Descriptive coding
- Structural coding
- Value coding
What is the difference between inductive and deductive coding?
• Usage:
- Use of Observation:
- In inductive research, the researcher attempts to find patterns through observation.
- In deductive research, the researcher uses observation with the intention of validating the pattern.
How to code in qualitative research?
- What actions are shown in the data?
- What are the aims of these interactions and excerpts? ...
- How do participants interpret what is happening, and how do they speak about it? ...
- What are the assumptions made by the participants?
- What are the participants doing? ...
- Why do I want to learn about this? ...
- Why did I include this particular excerpt? ...
Can deductive approach be used in a qualitative case study?
The deductive and inductive approaches provide a comprehensive approach in analysing qualitative data. The process involves immersing oneself in the data reading and digesting in order to make sense of the whole set of data and to understand what is going on.
What is inductive coding?
Inductive coding refers to a data analysis process whereby the researcher reads and interprets raw textual data to develop concepts, themes or a process model through interpretations based on data (Thomas 2006; Boyatzis 1998; Corbin and Strauss 1990).
What is inductive codes in qualitative research?
Inductive coding is a ground-up approach where you derive your codes from the data. You don't start with preconceived notions of what the codes should be, but allow the narrative or theory to emerge from the raw data itself.
What is inductive and deductive coding?
Before coding, you should decide if you want to start off with a set of codes and stick with them (deductive coding), come up with the codes as you read what you see in your data (inductive), or take a combination approach.
What is deductive coding in qualitative research?
0:102:31Deductive and Inductive Approaches to Qualitative Coding - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipAnd inductive coding. So deductive coding is a top-down approach to coding. This is when you startMoreAnd inductive coding. So deductive coding is a top-down approach to coding. This is when you start with a set of codes. Based on either research questions or a framework or something else then you
What are the three types of codes?
The Three Types of CodeBoring Code. Boring code is when it makes perfect sense when you read it. ... Salt Mine Code. This is the type of code that's bonkers and makes not a lick of sense. ... Radioactive Code. Radioactive code is the real problem at the heart of every engineering team.
Why is inductive approach important in qualitative research?
The primary purpose of the inductive approach is to allow research findings to emerge from the frequent, dominant or significant themes inherent in raw data, without the restraints imposed by structured methodologies.
How do you do inductive coding?
Here's how inductive coding works:Break your qualitative dataset into smaller samples.Read a sample of the data.Create codes that will cover the sample.Reread the sample and apply the codes.Read a new sample of data, applying the codes you created for the first sample.More items...
What is the difference between deductive and inductive coding in qualitative analysis?
The main difference between inductive and deductive approaches to research is that whilst a deductive approach is aimed and testing theory, an inductive approach is concerned with the generation of new theory emerging from the data.
What is the difference between inductive and deductive research?
Inductive reasoning involves starting from specific premises and forming a general conclusion, while deductive reasoning involves using general premises to form a specific conclusion. Conclusions reached via deductive reasoning cannot be incorrect if the premises are true.
What is coding in qualitative data?
Coding is the process of labeling and organizing your qualitative data to identify different themes and the relationships between them. When coding customer feedback, you assign labels to words or phrases that represent important (and recurring) themes in each response. These labels can be words, phrases, or numbers;
What is deductive coding?
Deductive coding means you start with a predefined set of codes, then assign those codes to the new qualitative data. These codes might come from previous research, or you might already know what themes you’re interested in analyzing. Deductive coding is also called concept-driven coding.
What is a coding frame?
Once you create your codes, you need to put them into a coding frame. A coding frame represents the organizational structure of the themes in your research. There are two types of coding frames: flat and hierarchical.
What are inductive and deductive approaches to coding qualitative data?
I have worked with over 5000 doctoral candidates over the past 17 years. I found that most of the students I work with do not understand that there are multiple ways to code qualitative data. Qualitative research is like an umbrella with multiple spokes and colors.
What is a deductive approach to code qualitative data?
A deductive approach involves a top-down approach to coding qualitative data. Using this approach, researchers formulate pre-set coding schemes. Sometimes these schemes are based on emerging themes from a literature review, report, and etc. Researcher’s setup the codes and define them according to the source (e.g. literature review, support, etc.).
What is an inductive approach to code qualitative data?
An inductive approach is bottom-up. Codes are derived from the data. Participants’ words or in vivo codes are used to code the data. These codes are build and modified throughout the coding process.
What is qualitative coding?
Qualitative coding is a process of systematically categorizing excerpts in your qualitative data in order to find themes and patterns. It enables you to take unstructured or semi-structured data such as transcripts from in-depth interviews or focus groups and structure it into themes and patterns for analysis. ...
Why is qualitative coding important?
By qualitatively coding your data, it makes your analysis more systematic and rigorous. It also provides transparency and reflexivity to both yourself and others. It’ll enable you to find insights that are truly representative of your data and the human stories behind them. Types of Coding Processes. Deductive and inductive coding are building ...
What is ground up coding?
Ground up coding. Inductive coding is a ground-up approach where you derive your codes from the data. You don’t start with preconceived notions of what the codes should be, but allow the narrative or theory to emerge from the raw data itself.
What should your codebook look like at the end of your analysis?
At the end of your analysis, your codes should still closely resemble the codebook that you started off with. This is good when you have a pre-determined structure for how you need your final findings to be. For example, program evaluation studies may utilize a deductive approach.
Why is inductive coding important?
Inductive coding is great when you’re researching something that isn’t yet well understood because the coding derived from the data helps you explore the subject. Therefore, this type of coding is usually used when researchers want to investigate new ideas or concepts, or when they want to create new theories.
What is qualitative data coding?
So, building onto this, qualitative data coding is the process of creating and assigning codes to categorise data extracts.
What are the stages of inductive and deductive coding?
Both inductive and deductive methods of coding typically occur in two stages: initial coding and line by line coding. In the initial coding stage, the objective is to get a general overview of the data by reading through and understanding it.
What are the different types of coding?
But how exactly do you decide what codes to use when there are many ways to read and interpret any given sentence? Well, there are a few different approaches you can adopt. The main approaches to initial coding include: 1 In vivo coding 2 Process coding 3 Open coding 4 Descriptive coding 5 Structural coding 6 Value coding
What is deductive coding?
With deductive coding, we make use of pre-established codes, which are developed before you interact with the present data. This usually involves drawing up a set of codes based on a research question or previous research. You could also use a code set from the codebook of a previous study.
What is structural coding?
Generally, it includes coding according to answers to the questions of “who”, “what”, “where”, and “how”, rather than the actual topics expressed in the data. This type of coding is useful when you want to access segments of data quickly, and it can help tremendously when you’re dealing with large data sets.
Why is coding important in research?
In other words, it helps ensure that your analysis is undertaken systematically and that other researchers can review it (in the world of research, we call this transparency). In other words, good coding is the foundation of high-quality analysis.
What is deductive analysis?
Deductive , or a priori, analysis generally means applying theory to the data to test the theory. It’s a kind of “top-down” approach to data analysis. In qualitative analysis, this often means applying predetermined codes to the data. The codes can be developed as strictly organizational tools, or they can be created from concepts drawn from the literature, from theory, or from propositions that the researcher has developed.
Why do we use deductive practices?
Deductive practices can also help researchers to apply theory or conceptual frameworks. For me, this process generally comes after I do some inductive analysis of my data to identify themes, but you could draw on these strategies at really any point in the analysis process.
What is deductive coding?
Deductive Coding. Deductive coding is when you already have a predetermined scale or set of tags that you want to use on your data. This is usually if you’ve already analyzed a set of qualitative data with inductive reasoning and want to use the same metrics.
Why is it important to use Excel and Google Sheets for quantitative analysis?
This is necessary for any type of large-scale analysis because you 1) need to have a consistent way to compare and contrast each piece of qualitative data, and 2) will be able to use tools like Excel and Google Sheets to manipulate quantitative data.
Do you need to double or triple sort qualitative data?
Remember that qualitative data can have multiple sentiments and multiple categories (such as the Yelp review example mentioning both atmosphere and price), so you may need to double or even triple-sort some pieces of data. That’s the beauty of and the struggle with handling open-ended or free-form responses.
What is the difference between inductive and deductive coding?
The main difference between inductive and deductive reasoning is that inductive reasoning aims at developing a theory while deductive reasoning aims at testing an existing theory. Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to broad generalizations, and deductive reasoning the other way around.
What does open coding mean in qualitative research?
Open coding in grounded theory method is the analytic process by which concepts (codes) to the observed data and phenomenon are attached during qualitative data analysis. Open coding aims at developing substantial codes describing, naming or classifying the phenomenon under consideration.
What is the difference between a code and a theme?
The difference between a code and a theme is relatively unimportant. Codes tend to be shorter, more succinct basic analytic units, whereas themes may be expressed in longer phrases or sentences. After identifying and giving names to the basic meaning units, it is time to put them in categories, or families.
How do you analyze a text theme?
Look for recurring images. Students can easily analyze theme through the repeated images and other motifs throughout the novel.
How do you write a theme description?
That said, there are some agreed upon “rules” of writing theme statements.
What is inductive coding in qualitative research?
Inductive coding refers to a data analysis process whereby the researcher reads and interprets raw textual data to develop concepts, themes or a process model through interpretations based on data (Thomas 2006; Boyatzis 1998; Corbin and Strauss 1990).
Is qualitative data inductive or deductive?
Inductive approaches are generally associated with qualitative research, whilst deductive approaches are more commonly associated with quantitative research. However, there are no set rules and some qualitative studies may have a deductive orientation.
