Forced diffusion occurs when someone makes you take up the traits of another culture against your will. For example, this occurred in Barcelona in the 20 th Century when the locals were forced to speak Spanish instead of their local language of Catalan.
What are some examples of forced diffusion?
An example of forced diffusion is the Spanish, French, English and Portuguese forcing the native population of the Americas to become Christian. They say knowledge is power. And, when one group of people develops an important element of technology that can benefit people across the globe, it's nice to see that information-sharing take place.
What is the apparent force of diffusion called?
This apparent force is called an entropic force. Three-dimensional rendering of diffusion of purple dye in water. Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions, molecules, energy) from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the net movement of molecules or atoms from a region of high concentration (or high chemical potential) to a region of low concentration (or low chemical potential) as a result of random motion of the molecules or atoms.
What is the driving force of diffusion in Fick's law?
Fick's law describes diffusion of an admixture in a medium. The concentration of this admixture should be small and the gradient of this concentration should be also small. The driving force of diffusion in Fick's law is the antigradient of concentration, − ∇ n {\displaystyle -\nabla n} .
What is an example of forced diffusion?
Forced Diffusion: Forced cultural diffusion is when a culture is taken over by another culture, and the subjugated culture is required to accept the new cultural practices. For example, when Spain conquered South America, the native people were forced to accept Christianity as a religious tenet.
What is the difference between direct diffusion and forced diffusion?
1. Direct Diffusion- direct contact between two cultures i.e trade, intermarriage, warfare. 2. Forced Diffusion/Expansion Diffusion- one culture defeats another and forces its beliefs and customs on the conquered group.
What type of diffusion is forced migration?
Relocation Diffusion As masses of individuals immigrate to a new environment, they bring along their cultural connections, influencing others in the new environments. Relocation diffusion can also be forced rather than chosen.
What is an example of stimulus diffusion?
Indian McDonald's serve veggie burgers, which is culturally acceptable. The idea (McDonald's burgers) was acceptable, but not in its original form – hence stimulus diffusion.
What are the 4 types of diffusion?
Expansion DiffusionContagious Diffusion.Hierarchical Diffusion.Stimulus Diffusion.
What are the different types of diffusion?
The three main types of this phenomenon are expansion diffusion, stimulus diffusion, and relocation diffusion.
What are the five types of diffusion?
Relocation, expansion, contagious, hierarchical, and stimulus diffusion.
What are 3 examples of cultural diffusion?
Common Cultural Diffusions For example, jazz started as a blend of the music of Africa and the Caribbean. Southern cities in the United States, especially border towns, have signs in both English and Spanish. The popularity of sushi, a traditional Japanese dish, shows diffusion of Japanese cuisine.
What are 3 examples of relocation diffusion?
Examples of Relocation DiffusionBlues Music. Blues has elements of African music that were taken to the United States by slaves. ... Hinduism. ... Buddhism. ... Amish Settlements in the United States. ... Curry. ... The American Log Cabin. ... The Parsis.
What are the 3 barriers to diffusion?
Linguistic, religious and political factors are typical cultural barriers to diffusion. Psychological barriers can be important for innovations involving individual acceptance in the process of diffusion.
How does stimulus diffusion spread?
Stimulus diffusion is when a cultural trend spreads but is changed by those adopting the idea, such as American practitioners of yoga poses. Popular culture encompasses mainstream ideas and practices, while folk culture continues to be associated with a particular region or origin.
What is the best example of cultural diffusion?
An example of cultural diffusion would be the widespread adoption of the use of a cell phone (and often a smartphone) across many different countries and cultures. It is important for someone to consider his or her own cultural diffusion. Cultural diffusion has shaped many different cultures.
How can cultural diffusion change your life?
In the end, cultural diffusion can be life-changing. When an American woman in Wisconsin enrolls in salsa classes taught by an Argentinian man , they might forge a lifelong friendship that would've never happened if cultural diffusion wasn't a part of our reality .
What are some examples of cultural diffusion?
Religion and Cultural Diffusion 1 Christianity started in Israel but is now practiced all over the world, initially spread far and wide by the Roman Empire. 2 During the Han Dynasty, Buddhism spread from India to China via the march of Emperor Wu's armies and the opening of new trade routes. 3 Like Christianity, Islam is no longer contained to one region of the world following immigration. 4 An example of forced diffusion is the Spanish, French, English and Portuguese forcing the native population of the Americas to become Christian.
How did Buddhism spread from India to China?
During the Han Dynasty, Buddhism spread from India to China via the march of Emperor Wu's armies and the opening of new trade routes. Like Christianity, Islam is no longer contained to one region of the world following immigration.
Is cultural diffusion permanent?
Cultural diffusion, however, is a little more permanent and steadfast. The learning opportunities continue, as entire communities of people exchange ideas, goods, and knowledge. If America's a melting pot, then we're sure to be on the winning side of cultural diffusion.
What is the force of diffusion?
This apparent force is called an entropic force. Three-dimensional rendering of diffusion of purple dye in water. Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions, molecules, energy) from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
What is diffusion driven by?
Diffusion is driven by a gradient in concentration. The concept of diffusion is widely used in many fields, including physics ( particle diffusion ), chemistry, biology, sociology, economics, and finance (diffusion of people, ideas, and price values).
What is the driving force of diffusion in Fick's law?
The driving force of diffusion in Fick's law is the antigradient of concentration,# N#− ∇ n {displaystyle -nabla n}#N#.
What is bulk flow?
"Bulk flow" is the movement/flow of an entire body due to a pressure gradient (for example, water coming out of a tap). "Diffusion" is the gradual movement/dispersion of concentration within a body, due to a concentration gradient, with no net movement of matter. An example of a process where both bulk motion and diffusion occur is human breathing.
What is the Fluctuation Dissipation Theorem based on?
Fluctuation-dissipation theorem based on the Langevin equation is developed to extend the Einstein model to the ballistic time scale. According to Langevin, the equation is based on Newton's second law of motion as
When does diffusion occur?
For example, when a bias is applied to two ends of a chunk of semiconductor, or a light shines on one end (see right figure), electrons diffuse from high density regions (center) to low density regions (two ends), forming a gradient of electron density. This process generates current, referred to as diffusion current .
What is the process of air arriving in the alveoli?
Second, there is a "diffusion" process. The air arriving in the alveoli has a higher concentration of oxygen than the "stale" air in the alveoli. The increase in oxygen concentration creates a concentration gradient for oxygen between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries that surround the alveoli.
What is cultural diffusion?
Cultural diffusion is a term we use to explain the ways cultures spread and intermingle around the world. For example, it refers to the spread of American culture into Asia and the spread of Asian fast food in the United States. It occurs through the spread of cultural items during times of conflict, migration and trade.
What is relocation diffusion?
Relocation diffusion is the spread and mingling of cultures that occurs when people migrate around the world. Migration has been a dominant reason for the spread of cultures around the world.
What is the definition of contagious diffusion?
Contagious Diffusion. Contagious diffusion is a type of expansion diffusion that refers to the spread of ideas through one-to-one interactions between individuals.
What is hierarchy diffusion?
Hierarchical Diffusion. Hierarchical diffusion occurs when famous or influential people in society share a cultural idea. The culture is spread from the top of society down. In the past, the fashion preferences of the kings and queens would spread throughout polite society.
What is the theory of hyperdiffusion?
Interestingly, a group of theorists called the hyperdiffusionists believe that there was originally just one culture and as people spread around the world culture merged and changed over time in different spaces.
Who invented the term "maladaptive diffusion"?
Maladaptive Diffusion. It is a term invented by Leo Frobenius in 1897, but remains relevant to this day. This article will explain each type of diffusion and the differences between them! Contents show. The 6 Types of Cultural Diffusion. 1.
What happens to a culture when it spreads from its original point?
Stimulus diffusion occurs when a culture changes as it spreads from its original point. It may or may not stay the same in the original location, but the further it spreads, the more it changes.
How does buoyancy affect heat transfer?
The effect of buoyancy on heat transfer in a forced flow is strongly influenced by the direction of the buoyancy force relative to that of the flow. Natural convection may help or hurt forced convection heat transfer, depending on the relative directions of buoyancy-induced and the forced convection motions. Three special cases that have been ...
What is natural convection?
In this chapter, we consider natural convection, where any fluid motion occurs by natural means such as buoyancy. In fact, there are flow regimes, in which we have to consider both forcing mechanisms. When flow velocities are low, natural convection will also contribute in addition to forced convection.
Is buoyant motion the same as forced motion?
The buoyant motion is in the same direction as the forced motion. Opposing flow. The buoyant motion is in the opposite direction to the forced motion. Transverse flow. The buoyant motion is perpendicular to the forced motion. It is obvious, in assisting and transverse flows, buoyancy enhances the rate of heat transfer associated with pure forced ...
Why is the penetration theory not satisfying?
The penetration theory is not satisfying because the as-sumption of a constant contact time for all eddies that tem-porarily reside at the surface is not reasonable , especiallyfor stirred tanks, contactors with random packings, andbubble and spray columns where the bubbles and dropletscover a wide range of sizes. In 1951, Danckwerts [60] sug-gested an improvement to the penetration theory thatinvolves the replacement of the constant eddy contacttime with the assumption of a residence-time distribution,wherein the probability of an eddy at the surface beingreplaced by a fresh eddy is independent of the age of thesurface eddy.
How is carbon dioxide stripped from water?
3.35Carbon dioxide is stripped from water by air in a wetted-wall tube. At a certain location, where the pressure is 10 atmand the temperature is 25°C, the mass-transfer flux of CO2is
What is forced convection?
Forced convection is often encountered by engineers designing or analyzing heat exchangers, pipe flow, and flow over a plate at a different temperature than the stream (the case of a shuttle wing during re-entry, for example).
What is the parameter of importance in forced convection?
The parameter of importance in forced convection is the Péclet number, which is the ratio of advection (movement by currents) and diffusion (movement from high to low concentrations) of heat.
What is Convection?
Convection is the process of heat transfer through the bulk movement of molecules within fluids. The fluid can be either a gas or a liquid. Initially, the heat transfer between the fluid and an object occurs through conduction; however, the bulk heat transfer occurs due to the motion of the fluid.
What is Diffusion?
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a low concentration via a concentration gradient. These movements occur in the same solution. The factors that affect the concentration gradient affects diffusion as well.
What is the Difference Between Convection and Diffusion?
Convection and diffusion are physical processes we can describe chemically through the movement of particles.
Summary – Convection vs Diffusion
Convection is the process of heat transfer through the bulk movement of molecules within fluids. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a low concentration via a concentration gradient.
Overview
Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions, molecules, energy) generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in Gibbs free energy or chemical potential. It is possible to diffuse "uphill" from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, like in spinodal decomposition.
Diffusion vs. bulk flow
"Bulk flow" is the movement/flow of an entire body due to a pressure gradient (for example, water coming out of a tap). "Diffusion" is the gradual movement/dispersion of concentration within a body, due to a concentration gradient, with no net movement of matter. An example of a process where both bulk motion and diffusion occur is human breathing.
First, there is a "bulk flow" process. The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity, which expands as …
Diffusion in the context of different disciplines
The concept of diffusion is widely used in: physics (particle diffusion), chemistry, biology, sociology, economics, and finance (diffusion of people, ideas and of price values). However, in each case the substance or collection undergoing diffusion is "spreading out" from a point or location at which there is a higher concentration of that substance or collection.
History of diffusion in physics
In the scope of time, diffusion in solids was used long before the theory of diffusion was created. For example, Pliny the Elder had previously described the cementation process, which produces steel from the element iron (Fe) through carbon diffusion. Another example is well known for many centuries, the diffusion of colors of stained glass or earthenware and Chinese ceramics.
In modern science, the first systematic experimental study of diffusion was performed by Thom…
Basic models of diffusion
Each model of diffusion expresses the diffusion flux with the use of concentrations, densities and their derivatives. Flux is a vector representing the quantity and direction of transfer. Given a small area with normal , the transfer of a physical quantity through the area per time is
where is the inner product and is the little-o notation. If we use the notation of vector area then
The dimension of the diffusion flux is [flux] = [quantity]/([time]·[area]). The diffusing physical quan…
Diffusion in physics
The diffusion coefficient is the coefficient in the Fick's first law , where J is the diffusion flux (amount of substance) per unit area per unit time, n (for ideal mixtures) is the concentration, x is the position [length].
Consider two gases with molecules of the same diameter d and mass m (self-diffusion). In this case, the elementary mean free path theory of diffusion give…
Random walk (random motion)
One common misconception is that individual atoms, ions or molecules move randomly, which they do not. In the animation on the right, the ion in the left panel appears to have "random" motion in the absence of other ions. As the right panel shows, however, this motion is not random but is the result of "collisions" with other ions. As such, the movement of a single atom, ion, or molecule within a mixture just appears random when viewed in isolation. The movement of a substance w…
One common misconception is that individual atoms, ions or molecules move randomly, which they do not. In the animation on the right, the ion in the left panel appears to have "random" motion in the absence of other ions. As the right panel shows, however, this motion is not random but is the result of "collisions" with other ions. As such, the movement of a single atom, ion, or molecule within a mixture just appears random when viewed in isolation. The movement of a substance w…
See also
• Anomalous diffusion – Diffusion process with a non-linear relationship to time
• Diffusion-limited aggregation
• Darken's equations
• Isobaric counterdiffusion – Diffusion of gases into and out of biological tissues under a constant ambient pressure after a change of gas composition