Why do you use copper wiring instead of silver wiring?
Aluminum Wiring: Which to Use?
- Advantages of Aluminum Wiring. Due to its lightweight nature, aluminum is fairly malleable and easy to work with. ...
- Disadvantages. If not installed properly, aluminum wiring can raise the risk of house fires. ...
- Advantages of Copper Wiring. ...
- Disadvantages. ...
How to easily coil copper wire?
What Are Your Coil Material Options?
- CDA 101, 102 OFHC
- CDA 107 Silver Bearing OFHC
- CDA 110 Electrolytic Tough Pitch
- CDA 113, 114, 117 Silver Bearing
- CDA 122 DHP
- CDA 145 Tellurium Copper
- CDA 150 AMZIRC, Zirconium Copper
- CDA 162 Cadmium Copper
- CDA 172, 173, 175, 17510 Beryllium Copper
- CDA 182 Chromium Copper
Why are copper wires used as connecting wires?
Tips for Splicing Copper and Aluminum Wire Together
- Only Use AL/CU Rated Connectors. When splicing copper and aluminum wire together, you’ll need to use an appropriately rated connector.
- Use The Correct Connector Size. If you decide to use a connector different from the one discussed above, you’ll need to ensure that you use the correct connector size.
- Use Corrosion Inhibitor Paste. ...
Where can you get copper wiring?
You will need the following items to solder copper wire:
- Soldering Iron: This handheld tool heats up to melt the solder around the copper wiring. ...
- Solder: For best results, use electrical-grade solder because it is stronger and creates a more secure connection than other solders. ...
- Sponge: You will need a damp sponge to clean the soldering iron tip before use to avoid any interference from debris.
What causes silver wiring in the eye?
Silver wiring or copper wiring is where the walls of the arterioles become thickened and sclerosed causing increased reflection of the light. Arteriovenous nipping is where the arterioles cause compression of the veins where they cross. This is again due to sclerosis and hardening of the arterioles.
Can you recover from hypertensive retinopathy?
Outcome. The retina will usually recover if the blood pressure can be controlled, but a grade 4 level of retinopathy is likely to involve permanent damage to the optic nerve or macula.
What is copper wiring of arterioles?
ILLUSTRATION: The arterioles have a much more reddish-brown appearance ("copper wire"). The reflex stripe off of the arterioles is broadened. The narrowed arteriole inferior to the macula demonstrates patchy white sheathing, particularly toward its' distal end.
What is copper wiring hypertensive retinopathy?
Chronic hypertensive retinopathy is recognized by permanent arterial narrowing, arteriovenous crossing abnormalities (arteriovenous nicking), arteriosclerosis with moderate vascular wall changes (copper wiring), or more severe vascular wall hyperplasia and thickening (silver wiring).
What are the signs of stage 4 hypertensive retinopathy?
Symptoms of hypertensive retinopathyreduced vision.eye swelling.bursting of a blood vessel.double vision accompanied by headaches.
What are the two most common findings with hypertensive retinopathy?
Common hypertensive retinal changes are flame-shaped hemorrhages in the superficial layers of the retina and cotton-wool patches caused by occlusion of the precapillary arterioles with ischemic infarction of the inner retina.
What causes copper wiring retina?
Retinal signs of vascular pathology include an increased light reflex of the retinal arterioles (copper wiring or silver wiring, thought to occur as a result of atherosclerotic vessel wall thickening) and other arteriolar changes, including focal arteriolar narrowing, arteriovenous nicking, and microaneurysms.
Do retinal hemorrhages go away?
Retinal hemorrhages, especially mild ones not associated with chronic disease, will normally reabsorb without treatment. Laser surgery is a treatment option which uses a laser beam to seal off damaged blood vessels in the retina.
Can high blood pressure cause permanent eye damage?
In severe cases permanent damage to the optic nerve or macula can occur. The retina is the internal layer of the eye that receives and transmits focused images. The retina is normally red due to its rich blood supply. Damage to the retina from high blood pressure is called hypertensive retinopathy.
How common is central retinal vein occlusion?
After diabetic retinopathy, CRVO is the second most common retinal vascular disorder. CRVO usually occurs in people who are aged 50 and older. In most cases, it is not known what causes the condition.
How does hypertension cause retinal hemorrhages?
Acute blood pressure elevation typically causes reversible vasoconstriction in retinal blood vessels, and hypertensive crisis may cause optic disk edema. More prolonged or severe hypertension leads to exudative vascular changes, a consequence of endothelial damage and necrosis.
What is the most common cause of malignant hypertension?
What causes malignant hypertension? Uncontrolled high blood pressure is one of the main causes of malignant hypertension. Other causes include: Adrenal disorders including Conn's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, pheochromocytoma or a renin-secreting tumor.
Anatomy
Retinal arteries are histologic arterioles with 100 µm calibers and no internal elastic lamina or continuous muscular coat. Changes in the luminal diameter of the arterioles are the most important component in regulating systemic arterial blood pressure. The resistance of flow is equivalent to the fourth power of the diameter.
Hypertensive vascular changes
Arteriosclerotic changes are chronic changes resulting from systemic hypertension. In the retina, atherosclerosis and arteriolosclerosis predominate.
Acute hypertensive retinal changes (hypertensive retinopathy)
Changes in the retinal circulation in the acute phase of hypertension primarily involve the terminal arterioles rather than the main retinal arterioles. Main retinal arteriole changes are seen and recognized as a response to chronic systemic hypertension.
Acute hypertensive choroidopathy
The effects of hypertension on the choroid are related to the anatomic and functional differences found in the choroidal vasculature, as compared with the retinal vasculature. Sympathetic innervation makes terminal arterioles more susceptible to vasoconstriction.
Acute hypertensive optic neuropathy
Optic disc edema is a primary manifestation of hypertensive optic neuropathy. The blood supply to the optic nerve arrives via posterior ciliary arteries and peripapillary choroidal vessels. Vasoconstriction and choroidal ischemia in the setting of malignant hypertension result in optic disc edema and axoplasmic flow stasis. [ 7]
Chronic hypertensive retinal changes
Chronic hypertensive changes to the retina include the following (see Hypertensive Vascular Changes):
Chronic hypertensive choroidal changes
Retinal pigment epithelium changes include the development of diffuse pigmentary granularity and a moth-eaten appearance. Areas of retinal pigment epithelium clump and atrophy (Elschnig spots), forming from the focal acute white retinal pigment epithelium lesions.
Symptoms
History
Diagnosis
Mechanism
Clinical significance
Pathophysiology
Research
Signs and symptoms
- Retinal pigment epithelium changes include the development of diffuse pigmentary granularity and a moth-eaten appearance. Areas of retinal pigment epithelium clump and atrophy (Elschnig spots), forming from the focal acute white retinal pigment epithelium lesions. Triangular patches of atrophy result from the occlusion of a larger-caliber choroidal...