Receiving Helpdesk

what did rudolf virchow discover about cells

by Tevin Schuster Published 3 years ago Updated 2 years ago

Rudolf Carl Virchow lived in nineteenth century Prussia, now Germany, and proposed that omnis cellula e cellula
omnis cellula e cellula
In biology, cell theory is a scientific theory first formulated in the mid-nineteenth century, that living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells.
https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Cell_theory
, which translates to each cell comes from another cell, and which became a fundamental concept for cell theory.
Mar 17, 2012

Full Answer

What is Virchows contribution for discovering cells?

what was virchow’s contribution to the cell theory

  • The wacky history of cell theory – Lauren Royal-Woods
  • RUDOLF VIRCHOW – Documentary
  • The Cell Theory | Complete Breakdown in 8 Minutes | Bio 101 | STEMstream
  • Cell Theory- Multicellularity

What contributions did Rudolph Virchow contributed to science?

Virchow’s Greatest Errors

  • Evolution by Natural Selection. Virchow believed the idea that humans were the descendants of apes was an attack on society’s moral foundations.
  • The Germ Theory of Disease. ...
  • Opposition to Hand Washing. ...

What did Remak do to contribute to the cell theory?

Working as a private physician to pay the bills, Remak set out to prove that cells originate from division. His idea was to stain or harden the cell membrane and thus be able to see the cell divide. Remak experimented with many chemicals before finding that a mixture of copper sulfate, vinegar, and alcohol worked to solidify the cell membrane. 1,2

How did Virchow state the cell theory?

The generally accepted portions of the modern Cell Theory are as follows:

  • The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things.
  • All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
  • Cells arise from other cells through cellular division.

What did Rudolf Virchow discover about cells and when?

Virchow's greatest accomplishment was his observation that a whole organism does not get sick—only certain cells or groups of cells. In 1855, at the age of 34, he published his now famous aphorism “omnis cellula e cellula” (“every cell stems from another cell”).

What did Rudolf Virchow discover when viewing cells under the microscope?

Around 1850, a German doctor named Rudolf Virchow was studying cells under a microscope when he happened to see them dividing and forming new cells. He realized that living cells produce new cells through division. Based on this realization, Virchow proposed that living cells arise only from other living cells.

When did Rudolf Virchow discover cell theory?

1855We're made of trillions of cells, but where do these cells come from? In 1855 Virchow published a statement based on his observations Omnis cellula e cellula, which means that all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

What was Rudolf Virchow contribution to the cell theory quizlet?

What was Rudolf Virchow's contribution to the cell theory? He concluded that all cells come from preexisting cells. He concluded that cells are the basic units of structure and function of all living things.

What was Rudolf Virchow's contribution to the cell theory?

Rudolf Virchow was a scientist, physician, anthropologist, social scientist, and politician and is best known for his contribution to the cell theory.

What did Virchow discover?

Virchow's political activity resulted in meat inspectors being implemented in Berlin due to his discovery of Trichenella spiralis in pork, as well as getting Berlin's first sewer system installed and, thus, improving the city's health. Overall, Virchow's findings still influence modern day medicine and social science.

What did Virchow do to help explain atherosclerosis?

Using his skills and knowledge of tissues at the cellular level he contributed to the modern day understanding of atherosclerosis. Virchow recognized that atherosclerosis was an inflammatory process. He's also credited for showing that fibrin played a key role leading to blood clots.

Why did Virchow use the theory that all cells arise from pre-existing cells?

Virchow used the theory that all cells arise from pre-existing cells to lay the groundwork for cellular pathology, or the study of disease at the cellular level. His work made it more clear that diseases occur at the cellular level. His work led to scientists being able to diagnose diseases more accurately.

What did Virchow do?

Virchow's work on cellular pathology earned him the title of 'the father of pathology.'. Virchow's interest in anthropology started when he studied cretinism and skull formation. His interest was piqued when he started investigating differences in skull formation in different groups of people.

What was Rudolf Virchow's idea?

His ideas were very progressive and set the foundation of not only cellular pathology, but also the role of societal structures in health and disease. Rudolf Virchow was born in 1821 in modern day Poland. He had considered to become a pastor when he was a young boy, but instead decided to study medicine.

What was Virchow's work?

Virchow's work in cellular pathology was his crowning glory. Up until then, diseases were only defined on their characteristics and symptoms. With his work at the cellular level, diseases were diagnosed based on anatomical changes. Virchow's work on cellular pathology earned him the title of 'the father of pathology.'.

What did Virchow prove about thrombosis?

By 1848 Virchow had disproved a prominent view that phlebitis (inflammation of a vein) causes most diseases. He demonstrated that masses in the blood vessels resulted from “thro mbosis” ( his term) and that portions of a thrombus could become detached to form an “embolus” (also his term).

What did Virchow do to the process of inflammation?

Virchow shed new light on the process of inflammation, though he errone ously rejected the possibility of migration of the leukocytes ( white blood cells ). He distinguished between fatty infiltration and fatty degeneration, and he introduced the modern conception of amyloid (starchy) degeneration.

What hospitals did Virchow design?

He supervised the design of two large new Berlin hospitals, the Friedrichshain and the Moabit, opened a nursing school in the Friedrichshain Hospital, and designed the new Berlin sewer system. In 1861 Virchow was elected to the Prussian Diet.

What was the name of the book that Virchow wrote?

He began there the publication of his six-volume Handbuch der speziellen Pathologie und Therapie (“Handbook of Special Pathology and Therapeutics”), most of the first volume of which he wrote himself.

What was Virchow's political activity?

In the wars of 1866 and 1870 Virchow confined his political activities to the erection of military hospitals and the equipping of hospital trains. In the Franco-German War he personally led the first hospital train to the front. He was a member of the Reichstag from 1880 to 1893.

When was the Cellular Pathology book published?

The lectures, published in 1858 as his book Die Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebenlehre ( Cellular Pathology as Based upon Physiological and Pathological Histology ), at once transformed scientific thought in the whole field of biology.

When was the chair of pathology established?

Subscribe Now. In 1856 a chair of pathological anatomy was established for Virchow at the University of Berlin; he accepted the call subject to certain conditions, one of which was the erection of a new pathological institute, which he used for the rest of his life.

When did Virchow first publish his idea that all cells arise from other cells?

In 1855, he first published his idea that all cells arise from other cells. Rather than being formed by the action of a life force or spontaneously crystallizing from other matter, Virchow argued that cells only formed from the division of other cells. This idea is one of the key principles of cell theory, along with the idea ...

What did Virchow believe about diseases?

Rather than being the result of changes in an organism as a whole, Virchow believed that diseases result from changes in specific groups of cells. By examining cells for certain changes or alterations, doctors can more precisely identify and diagnose a disease.

What is the discipline of Virchow?

Virchow also founded the discipline of cellular pathology based on the idea that diseases do not affect an entire organism but are instead localized to certain groups of cells. This made it easier to diagnose and treat diseases.

What did Rudolf Virchow do?

Physician, cellular physiologist, anthropologist, educator, and politician are the occupations that Rudolf Virchow followed over his lifetime. Rudolf Virchow's Cell Theory contribution is possibly his best-known work.

Rudolf Virchow and Cell Theory

Every student of biology learns the three parts of the Cell Theory. The history of how the cell theory came to be is quite remarkable. Virchow is credited with the final part of the cell theory.

Writing as Rudolf Virchow

Rudolf Virchow was not only a brilliant scientist, but he was also involved in politics. Through his combined professions, he was able to make several important changes to the infrastructure and daily life in Berlin.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
8.3.21PHP Version2.08sRequest Duration2MBMemory UsageGET {post}Route
  • warninglog[20:57:14] LOG.warning: Creation of dynamic property Barryvdh\Debugbar\DataFormatter\QueryFormatter:...
  • warninglog[20:57:14] LOG.warning: Creation of dynamic property Barryvdh\Debugbar\DataFormatter\QueryFormatter:...
  • warninglog[20:57:14] LOG.warning: Callables of the form ["Swift_SmtpTransport", "Swift_Transport_EsmtpTranspor...
  • warninglog[20:57:14] LOG.warning: Creation of dynamic property Barryvdh\Debugbar\DataFormatter\SimpleFormatter...
  • warninglog[20:57:14] LOG.warning: Creation of dynamic property Barryvdh\Debugbar\DataFormatter\SimpleFormatter...
  • warninglog[20:57:14] LOG.warning: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprec...
  • warninglog[20:57:14] LOG.warning: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprec...
  • warninglog[20:57:14] LOG.warning: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprec...
  • warninglog[20:57:14] LOG.warning: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprec...
  • warninglog[20:57:14] LOG.warning: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprec...
  • warninglog[20:57:14] LOG.warning: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprec...
  • warninglog[20:57:14] LOG.warning: mt_rand(): Passing null to parameter #2 ($max) of type int is deprecated in ...
  • Booting (13.96ms)
  • Application (2.07s)
  • 1 x Application (99.31%)
    2.07s
    1 x Booting (0.67%)
    13.96ms
    7 templates were rendered
    • themes.DevBlog.content.post (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/content/post.blade.php)34blade
      Params
      0
      post
      1
      postContent
      2
      author
      3
      updated_at
      4
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      5
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      6
      bing_related_keywords
      7
      google_related_keywords
      8
      bing_news_title
      9
      bing_news_description
      10
      bing_videos
      11
      bing_images
      12
      bing_search_result_title
      13
      bing_search_result_description
      14
      bing_search_result_url
      15
      bing_paa_questions
      16
      bing_paa_answers
      17
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      18
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      19
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      20
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      21
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      22
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      23
      google_faq_questions
      24
      google_faq_answers
      25
      google_rich_snippet
      26
      google_search_result
      27
      indexedArray
      28
      total_images
      29
      total_videos
      30
      settings
      31
      url_current
      32
      menus
      33
      sidebar
    • themes.DevBlog.layouts.master (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/layouts/master.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    • themes.DevBlog.panels.head (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/panels/head.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    • themes.DevBlog.panels.header (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/panels/header.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    • themes.DevBlog.panels.navbar (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/panels/navbar.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    • themes.DevBlog.panels.footer (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/panels/footer.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    • themes.DevBlog.panels.scripts (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/panels/scripts.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    uri
    GET {post}
    middleware
    web, checkdate
    as
    post.show
    controller
    App\Http\Controllers\Frontend\json_data\PostController@show
    namespace
    where
    file
    app/Http/Controllers/Frontend/json_data/PostController.php:18-166
    7 statements were executed1.91s
    • select * from `posts` where `published_at` <= '2025-06-13 20:57:14' and `slug` = 'what-did-rudolf-virchow-discover-about-cells' and `posts`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
      9ms/app/Providers/RouteServiceProvider.php:54receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. 2025-06-13 20:57:14
      • 1. what-did-rudolf-virchow-discover-about-cells
      Backtrace
      • 15. /app/Providers/RouteServiceProvider.php:54
      • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:842
      • 19. Route binding:39
      • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:167
      • 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:78
    • select * from `json_post_contents` where `json_post_contents`.`post_id` = 169111 and `json_post_contents`.`post_id` is not null and `rewrite_id` = 0
      7.81msmiddleware::checkdate:30receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. 169111
      • 1. 0
      Backtrace
      • 19. middleware::checkdate:30
      • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:167
      • 21. /vendor/laravel/jetstream/src/Http/Middleware/ShareInertiaData.php:61
      • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:167
      • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
    • select * from `nova_menu_menus` where `slug` = 'header' limit 1
      950μs/vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/helpers.php:32receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. header
      Backtrace
      • 15. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/helpers.php:32
      • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
      • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:261
      • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
    • select * from `nova_menu_menu_items` where `nova_menu_menu_items`.`menu_id` = 1 and `nova_menu_menu_items`.`menu_id` is not null and `parent_id` is null order by `parent_id` asc, `order` asc, `name` asc
      1.3ms/vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/Models/Menu.php:35receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. 1
      Backtrace
      • 19. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/Models/Menu.php:35
      • 20. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/helpers.php:33
      • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
      • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:261
    • select * from `nova_menu_menu_items` where `nova_menu_menu_items`.`parent_id` in (1) order by `order` asc
      430μs/vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/Models/Menu.php:35receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Backtrace
      • 24. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/Models/Menu.php:35
      • 25. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/helpers.php:33
      • 27. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 28. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
      • 29. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:261
    • select `id`, `post_title`, `slug` from `posts` where `status` = 'publish' and `posts`.`deleted_at` is null order by RAND() limit 10
      1.89s/app/View/Composers/SidebarView.php:22receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. publish
      Backtrace
      • 14. /app/View/Composers/SidebarView.php:22
      • 15. /app/View/Composers/SidebarView.php:12
      • 16. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:124
      • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:162
      • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:177
    • select * from `fake_users` where `fake_users`.`id` = 46723 limit 1
      1.49msview::2dd102cf0462e89a4d4d8bc77355d767652bf9aa:15receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. 46723
      Backtrace
      • 21. view::2dd102cf0462e89a4d4d8bc77355d767652bf9aa:15
      • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:108
      • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 25. /vendor/livewire/livewire/src/ComponentConcerns/RendersLivewireComponents.php:69
      • 26. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:61
    App\Models\FakeUser
    1
    Outl1ne\MenuBuilder\Models\MenuItem
    1
    Outl1ne\MenuBuilder\Models\Menu
    1
    App\Models\JsonPostContent
    1
    App\Models\Post
    11
        _token
        cqPggsHiAnqsnoRgaSzvu0wRNHWBDmD42TkeP7U1
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://receivinghelpdesk.com/ask/what-did-rudolf-virchow-discover-about-cells...
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /what-did-rudolf-virchow-discover-about-cells
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:25 [ "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "_pk_id.64.7c30=e60b7d303d321f6b.1749828423.; _pk_ses.64.7c30=1; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InpaaEJEbzRGdSt0bkVkVW9ocFhjNGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZGRPM3FvQUlDak5KUVpsZ0JRR1JUQnlJdVhTWXVzaDZ2VU5NSnBETnROVTVZTVRvY3FWMzNGTGpZOEVjZ3RaK2Y0VXZxZGNzaC9yVGlOVzV0MHZHb25xWUx5MGlVK01aaVc0OWw3bE43ak5XVHdlaGFBT21TM1dKZ0dkaEswek8iLCJtYWMiOiIzNGFlOTQ5ZDdhMzVjOGVmMWQ1ZTAxNzlmOWNjYWQ3MWM0YWNhZmVkYjk0OWNjYWNjODc5NDU4ZmY0ZGRiMTE0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; askhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6IktuU2g4cHM2eGM4WlF1eCtkZnRCbFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSlJBUjA5V1o4aitwNEFUZlAwbnl0R1JYNzBIQU9tbWxVK0lPZzIwcFBpbVo5cWpWTUN3ajExS2FXblJ3TW1KN2lZNTBZMzkrdlY0QTZET1VJV1oxSHVYaVNrYnBndzJtQ0kxdjd0N0lkWmtZZG1DQk50NjBzYkN3eXptZG5WZEkiLCJtYWMiOiIyOTI5NmFlZDU5NTZkZGQyOGIwN2Q2ZGJhYmY5ODJlYWQ5MDIyZDE2MjlkYzE2ZDVjYTUwYTgyYWFiYmNlNTkyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D_pk_id.64.7c30=e60b7d303d321f6b.1749828423.; _pk_ses.64.7c30=1; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InpaaEJEbzRGdSt0bkVkVW9ocFhjNGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZGRPM3FvQUlDak5KUVpsZ0JRR1JUQ" ] "cf-ipcountry" => array:1 [ 0 => "US" ] "cf-connecting-ip" => array:1 [ 0 => "216.73.216.94" ] "cdn-loop" => array:1 [ 0 => "cloudflare; loops=1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Chromium";v="130", "HeadlessChrome";v="130", "Not?A_Brand";v="99"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, br" ] "cf-ray" => array:1 [ 0 => "94f29c648fdbead3-ORD" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "cf-visitor" => array:1 [ 0 => "{"scheme":"https"}" ] "connection" => array:1 [ 0 => "close" ] "x-forwarded-proto" => array:1 [ 0 => "https" ] "x-forwarded-for" => array:1 [ 0 => "216.73.216.94, 172.70.127.213" ] "x-server-addr" => array:1 [ 0 => "154.12.239.204" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "receivinghelpdesk.com" ] ]
        request_server
        0 of 0
        array:56 [ "USER" => "runcloud" "HOME" => "/home/runcloud" "SCRIPT_NAME" => "/ask/index.php" "REQUEST_URI" => "/ask/what-did-rudolf-virchow-discover-about-cells" "QUERY_STRING" => "" "REQUEST_METHOD" => "GET" "SERVER_PROTOCOL" => "HTTP/1.0" "GATEWAY_INTERFACE" => "CGI/1.1" "REDIRECT_URL" => "/ask/what-did-rudolf-virchow-discover-about-cells" "REMOTE_PORT" => "55140" "SCRIPT_FILENAME" => "/home/runcloud/webapps/ReceivingHelpDesk/ask/index.php" "SERVER_ADMIN" => "you@example.com" "CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT" => "/home/runcloud/webapps/ReceivingHelpDesk/" "CONTEXT_PREFIX" => "" "REQUEST_SCHEME" => "http" "DOCUMENT_ROOT" => "/home/runcloud/webapps/ReceivingHelpDesk/" "REMOTE_ADDR" => "172.70.127.213" "SERVER_PORT" => "80" "SERVER_ADDR" => "127.0.0.1" "SERVER_NAME" => "receivinghelpdesk.com" "SERVER_SOFTWARE" => "Apache/2.4.63 (Unix) OpenSSL/1.1.1f" "SERVER_SIGNATURE" => "" "LD_LIBRARY_PATH" => "/RunCloud/Packages/apache2-rc/lib" "PATH" => "/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin" "HTTP_COOKIE" => "_pk_id.64.7c30=e60b7d303d321f6b.1749828423.; _pk_ses.64.7c30=1; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InpaaEJEbzRGdSt0bkVkVW9ocFhjNGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZGRPM3FvQUlDak5KUVpsZ0JRR1JUQnlJdVhTWXVzaDZ2VU5NSnBETnROVTVZTVRvY3FWMzNGTGpZOEVjZ3RaK2Y0VXZxZGNzaC9yVGlOVzV0MHZHb25xWUx5MGlVK01aaVc0OWw3bE43ak5XVHdlaGFBT21TM1dKZ0dkaEswek8iLCJtYWMiOiIzNGFlOTQ5ZDdhMzVjOGVmMWQ1ZTAxNzlmOWNjYWQ3MWM0YWNhZmVkYjk0OWNjYWNjODc5NDU4ZmY0ZGRiMTE0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; askhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6IktuU2g4cHM2eGM4WlF1eCtkZnRCbFE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSlJBUjA5V1o4aitwNEFUZlAwbnl0R1JYNzBIQU9tbWxVK0lPZzIwcFBpbVo5cWpWTUN3ajExS2FXblJ3TW1KN2lZNTBZMzkrdlY0QTZET1VJV1oxSHVYaVNrYnBndzJtQ0kxdjd0N0lkWmtZZG1DQk50NjBzYkN3eXptZG5WZEkiLCJtYWMiOiIyOTI5NmFlZDU5NTZkZGQyOGIwN2Q2ZGJhYmY5ODJlYWQ5MDIyZDE2MjlkYzE2ZDVjYTUwYTgyYWFiYmNlNTkyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D_pk_id.64.7c30=e60b7d303d321f6b.1749828423.; _pk_ses.64.7c30=1; XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6InpaaEJEbzRGdSt0bkVkVW9ocFhjNGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZGRPM3FvQUlDak5KUVpsZ0JRR1JUQ" "HTTP_CF_IPCOUNTRY" => "US" "HTTP_CF_CONNECTING_IP" => "216.73.216.94" "HTTP_CDN_LOOP" => "cloudflare; loops=1" "HTTP_SEC_FETCH_MODE" => "navigate" "HTTP_SEC_FETCH_SITE" => "none" "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" "HTTP_USER_AGENT" => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" "HTTP_UPGRADE_INSECURE_REQUESTS" => "1" "HTTP_SEC_CH_UA_PLATFORM" => ""Windows"" "HTTP_SEC_CH_UA_MOBILE" => "?0" "HTTP_SEC_CH_UA" => ""Chromium";v="130", "HeadlessChrome";v="130", "Not?A_Brand";v="99"" "HTTP_CACHE_CONTROL" => "no-cache" "HTTP_PRAGMA" => "no-cache" "HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING" => "gzip, br" "HTTP_CF_RAY" => "94f29c648fdbead3-ORD" "HTTP_PRIORITY" => "u=0, i" "HTTP_SEC_FETCH_DEST" => "document" "HTTP_SEC_FETCH_USER" => "?1" "HTTP_CF_VISITOR" => "{"scheme":"https"}" "HTTP_CONNECTION" => "close" "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO" => "https" "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR" => "216.73.216.94, 172.70.127.213" "HTTP_X_SERVER_ADDR" => "154.12.239.204" "HTTP_HOST" => "receivinghelpdesk.com" "HTTPS" => "on" "REDIRECT_STATUS" => "200" "REDIRECT_HTTPS" => "on" "FCGI_ROLE" => "RESPONDER" "PHP_SELF" => "/ask/index.php" "REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT" => 1749828434.6628 "REQUEST_TIME" => 1749828434 ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:4 [ "_pk_id_64_7c30" => null "_pk_ses_64_7c30" => null "XSRF-TOKEN" => "cqPggsHiAnqsnoRgaSzvu0wRNHWBDmD42TkeP7U1" "askhelpdesk_session" => "u2l36UEaP7CbfP47CVEAEzUrdpVHXTnMFmv6ubS6" ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:7 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "private, must-revalidate" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Fri, 13 Jun 2025 15:27:14 GMT" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "expires" => array:1 [ 0 => -1 ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImhSeloxb2E4eVZsbUd2N2Ntck8vQUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWEFETlhsWkJRdzYzUE1FdkxpSllMY1NXWUZZaVlHUmtqL3ROTzlpRVZaa3lwNldsRktubEdUYmgvN0MzYm10V3h2TDVyNHBVQWNNVEkwUFhCeHBnT0dnaEhSL2FSeWVveGx0Y0lSU1pWSVpmSXJIOHZ5UVdpYWtqNm9laW4vSjUiLCJtYWMiOiI1NzAwMjFhNmNkNjBkMTM0MmEyMjA2ZmIyYzBlMjA4NTRlM2YxNThlMGMxN2FkZWExN2QyYzBiYTg2N2JiODk2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 13-Jun-2025 17:27:16 GMT; Max-Age=7200; path=/; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImhSeloxb2E4eVZsbUd2N2Ntck8vQUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWEFETlhsWkJRdzYzUE1FdkxpSllMY1NXWUZZaVlHUmtqL3ROTzlpRVZaa3lwNldsRktubEdUYmgvN0MzYm10V3h2TDVyN" 1 => "askhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6IlNkbmJUYWkrUjBkbjRnVG9FYU5sRGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiR0FPeEZGR3p2SDY5YmhCWmdsM05BcVFFV2k4ZzFBcEEvZ3BxYnJIdHFZNnhqYWM3NE1TMGJTZ2g2dGRLalBZeU5BZlVlYWFhd2Z6Y3J0Q1hycVZZRGlSdml5eERMYXFHZGkrUE1kbkVTaUlvTnVmNWxCdmVxaXpyalR3cW1ld2kiLCJtYWMiOiI3NDNiODBlNmVjMmU1ZWVmNDM0MTBlZWQ3MTlmYzNhMTRhZmE3ZTAxNWI4OGUxMWNlZjhmMzc2NTk4MGM3YTQxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 13-Jun-2025 17:27:16 GMT; Max-Age=7200; path=/; httponly; samesite=laxaskhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6IlNkbmJUYWkrUjBkbjRnVG9FYU5sRGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiR0FPeEZGR3p2SDY5YmhCWmdsM05BcVFFV2k4ZzFBcEEvZ3BxYnJIdHFZNnhqYWM3NE1TMGJTZ2g2dGRLalBZ" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImhSeloxb2E4eVZsbUd2N2Ntck8vQUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWEFETlhsWkJRdzYzUE1FdkxpSllMY1NXWUZZaVlHUmtqL3ROTzlpRVZaa3lwNldsRktubEdUYmgvN0MzYm10V3h2TDVyNHBVQWNNVEkwUFhCeHBnT0dnaEhSL2FSeWVveGx0Y0lSU1pWSVpmSXJIOHZ5UVdpYWtqNm9laW4vSjUiLCJtYWMiOiI1NzAwMjFhNmNkNjBkMTM0MmEyMjA2ZmIyYzBlMjA4NTRlM2YxNThlMGMxN2FkZWExN2QyYzBiYTg2N2JiODk2IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 13-Jun-2025 17:27:16 GMT; path=/XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6ImhSeloxb2E4eVZsbUd2N2Ntck8vQUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWEFETlhsWkJRdzYzUE1FdkxpSllMY1NXWUZZaVlHUmtqL3ROTzlpRVZaa3lwNldsRktubEdUYmgvN0MzYm10V3h2TDVyN" 1 => "askhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6IlNkbmJUYWkrUjBkbjRnVG9FYU5sRGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiR0FPeEZGR3p2SDY5YmhCWmdsM05BcVFFV2k4ZzFBcEEvZ3BxYnJIdHFZNnhqYWM3NE1TMGJTZ2g2dGRLalBZeU5BZlVlYWFhd2Z6Y3J0Q1hycVZZRGlSdml5eERMYXFHZGkrUE1kbkVTaUlvTnVmNWxCdmVxaXpyalR3cW1ld2kiLCJtYWMiOiI3NDNiODBlNmVjMmU1ZWVmNDM0MTBlZWQ3MTlmYzNhMTRhZmE3ZTAxNWI4OGUxMWNlZjhmMzc2NTk4MGM3YTQxIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Fri, 13-Jun-2025 17:27:16 GMT; path=/; httponlyaskhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6IlNkbmJUYWkrUjBkbjRnVG9FYU5sRGc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiR0FPeEZGR3p2SDY5YmhCWmdsM05BcVFFV2k4ZzFBcEEvZ3BxYnJIdHFZNnhqYWM3NE1TMGJTZ2g2dGRLalBZ" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:4 [ "_token" => "cqPggsHiAnqsnoRgaSzvu0wRNHWBDmD42TkeP7U1" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://receivinghelpdesk.com/ask/what-did-rudolf-virchow-discover-about-cells" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]