Receiving Helpdesk

what are the units of flow rate

by Ms. Shaniya Pollich IV Published 3 years ago Updated 2 years ago

Units and definitions

  • Volumetric flow (flow volume) q v (l/s, m 3 /h, cm 3 /s )
  • Pumping speed S (l/s, m 3 /h, cm 3 /s )
  • Quantity of gas (pV value), (mbar ⋅ l)
  • Mass flow qm (kg/h, g/s),
  • pV flow qpV (mbar · l · s –1 ).
  • Pump throughput q pV

The SI unit for flow rate is m3/s, but a number of other units for Q are in common use. For example, the heart of a resting adult pumps blood at a rate of 5.00 liters per minute (L/min). Note that a liter (L) is 1/1000 of a cubic meter or 1000 cubic centimeters (10−3m3 or 103cm).Feb 20, 2022

Full Answer

How do you calculate flow rate?

  • Calculate the difference in pressure between the tank pressure and the exit of the pipe.
  • Convert pounds per square inch to pounds per square foot.
  • Multiply by 2, which equals 22,838, and divide by the density of water.
  • Take the square root of 366, which equals 19.1 feet per second.

How to determine your flow rate?

Section Summary

  • Flow rate Q is defined to be the volume V flowing past a point in time t, or \ (Q=\frac {V} {t}\\\) where V is volume and t is time.
  • The SI unit of volume is m 3.
  • Another common unit is the liter (L), which is 10 -3 m 3.

More items...

How to calculate flow rates?

Specifically, to calculate cash flow for rental properties, you need to know:

  • How much gross income the property generates
  • Total expenses for the property
  • What debts, if any, are associated with the property

What is the formula for flow rate?

  • The fluid is flowing at one direction, from left to right.
  • The velocity of the fluid at every part of the cross section is exactly the same.
  • The cross-section area is the same at every segment in the pipe. If the pipe expanded or contracted the velocity of the fluid would change accordingly. ...

What is flow rate?

Flow Rate. Gases are compressible and change volume when: In other words, a volume of gas at established pressure and temperature conditions does not equal the same gas under different pressure or temperature conditions. Because of this, meter flow rates are called “actual” and “standard” or “base” flow rates with units such as: ...

What are units of measure?

Units of Measure. One can express gas and liquid flow in volumetric or mass flow rates, and the quantities can be converted between one another if the substance’s density is known. The density for a liquid is mostly independent of the liquid circumstances, while, for gas, the density is contingent on pressure, temperature, and to a smaller degree, ...

How to calculate flow rate?

You can calculate the flow rate in five simple steps: 1 Select the shape of the cross-section of the channel 2 Input all the measurements required to compute the cross-sectional area 3 Input the average velocity of the flow 4 Choose the unit of the flow rate 5 Click on the "Calculate" button to compute the flow rate.

How fast does water flow through a circular channel?

Let's say we have a circular channel that has an inner diameter of 8 inches. Water is flowing through the channel at an average velocity of 16 feet per second. We can determine the volumetric flow rate as follows:

What shape is the channel through which liquid flows?

The channel or pipe through which a liquid flows will commonly have a circular, rectangular, or trapezoidal cross-sectional shape . The formula that is used to determine flow rate will vary according to this cross-sectional shape. Common approaches are outlined below.

How do liquids maintain their volume?

Liquids must maintain their volume as they flow in a pipe since they are nearly incompressible. This means that the volume of liquid that flows into a pipe in a given amount of time must equal the volume of liquid that flows out of a pipe in the same amount of time. For instance, if in one hour you pump 2 m of water into a pipe ...

When does fluid speed up?

This means that fluids speed up when they reach a narrow section of a pipe and slow down when they reach a wider section of a pipe.

Is velocity the same as speed?

You're correct, but in this case, velocity and speed are the same thing. Speed is a magnitude (in other words, a number representing distance over time) while velocity is a vector - a speed that has a direction. Since liquid through a pipe is flowing in one direction, the direction part doesn't matter.

Is volume flow rate the same as flow?

Volume flow rate is the same as "Flux" and "R". There are two different equations used to express volume flow rate, it can be expressed as Volume/Time. Another equation to express volume flow rate is, Cross sectional Area (Distance/Time) or Cross sectional Area (Velocity).

image
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
8.3.21PHP Version1.7sRequest Duration2MBMemory UsageGET {post}Route
  • warninglog[21:40:40] LOG.warning: Creation of dynamic property Barryvdh\Debugbar\DataFormatter\QueryFormatter:...
  • warninglog[21:40:40] LOG.warning: Creation of dynamic property Barryvdh\Debugbar\DataFormatter\QueryFormatter:...
  • warninglog[21:40:40] LOG.warning: Callables of the form ["Swift_SmtpTransport", "Swift_Transport_EsmtpTranspor...
  • warninglog[21:40:40] LOG.warning: Creation of dynamic property Barryvdh\Debugbar\DataFormatter\SimpleFormatter...
  • warninglog[21:40:40] LOG.warning: Creation of dynamic property Barryvdh\Debugbar\DataFormatter\SimpleFormatter...
  • warninglog[21:40:40] LOG.warning: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprec...
  • warninglog[21:40:40] LOG.warning: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprec...
  • warninglog[21:40:40] LOG.warning: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprec...
  • warninglog[21:40:40] LOG.warning: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprec...
  • warninglog[21:40:40] LOG.warning: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprec...
  • warninglog[21:40:40] LOG.warning: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprec...
  • Booting (9.38ms)
  • Application (1.69s)
  • 1 x Application (99.43%)
    1.69s
    1 x Booting (0.55%)
    9.38ms
    7 templates were rendered
    • themes.DevBlog.content.post (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/content/post.blade.php)34blade
      Params
      0
      post
      1
      postContent
      2
      author
      3
      updated_at
      4
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      5
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      6
      bing_related_keywords
      7
      google_related_keywords
      8
      bing_news_title
      9
      bing_news_description
      10
      bing_videos
      11
      bing_images
      12
      bing_search_result_title
      13
      bing_search_result_description
      14
      bing_search_result_url
      15
      bing_paa_questions
      16
      bing_paa_answers
      17
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      18
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      19
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      20
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      21
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      22
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      23
      google_faq_questions
      24
      google_faq_answers
      25
      google_rich_snippet
      26
      google_search_result
      27
      indexedArray
      28
      total_images
      29
      total_videos
      30
      settings
      31
      url_current
      32
      menus
      33
      sidebar
    • themes.DevBlog.layouts.master (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/layouts/master.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    • themes.DevBlog.panels.head (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/panels/head.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    • themes.DevBlog.panels.header (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/panels/header.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    • themes.DevBlog.panels.navbar (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/panels/navbar.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    • themes.DevBlog.panels.footer (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/panels/footer.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    • themes.DevBlog.panels.scripts (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/panels/scripts.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    uri
    GET {post}
    middleware
    web, checkdate
    as
    post.show
    controller
    App\Http\Controllers\Frontend\json_data\PostController@show
    namespace
    where
    file
    app/Http/Controllers/Frontend/json_data/PostController.php:18-166
    7 statements were executed1.67s
    • select * from `posts` where `published_at` <= '2025-06-15 21:40:40' and `slug` = 'what-are-the-units-of-flow-rate' and `posts`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
      2.95ms/app/Providers/RouteServiceProvider.php:54receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. 2025-06-15 21:40:40
      • 1. what-are-the-units-of-flow-rate
      Backtrace
      • 15. /app/Providers/RouteServiceProvider.php:54
      • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:842
      • 19. Route binding:39
      • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:167
      • 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:78
    • select * from `json_post_contents` where `json_post_contents`.`post_id` = 147502 and `json_post_contents`.`post_id` is not null and `rewrite_id` = 0
      6.11msmiddleware::checkdate:30receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. 147502
      • 1. 0
      Backtrace
      • 19. middleware::checkdate:30
      • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:167
      • 21. /vendor/laravel/jetstream/src/Http/Middleware/ShareInertiaData.php:61
      • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:167
      • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
    • select * from `nova_menu_menus` where `slug` = 'header' limit 1
      750μs/vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/helpers.php:32receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. header
      Backtrace
      • 15. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/helpers.php:32
      • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
      • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:261
      • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
    • select * from `nova_menu_menu_items` where `nova_menu_menu_items`.`menu_id` = 1 and `nova_menu_menu_items`.`menu_id` is not null and `parent_id` is null order by `parent_id` asc, `order` asc, `name` asc
      370μs/vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/Models/Menu.php:35receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. 1
      Backtrace
      • 19. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/Models/Menu.php:35
      • 20. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/helpers.php:33
      • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
      • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:261
    • select * from `nova_menu_menu_items` where `nova_menu_menu_items`.`parent_id` in (1) order by `order` asc
      240μs/vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/Models/Menu.php:35receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Backtrace
      • 24. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/Models/Menu.php:35
      • 25. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/helpers.php:33
      • 27. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 28. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
      • 29. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:261
    • select `id`, `post_title`, `slug` from `posts` where `status` = 'publish' and `posts`.`deleted_at` is null order by RAND() limit 10
      1.66s/app/View/Composers/SidebarView.php:22receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. publish
      Backtrace
      • 14. /app/View/Composers/SidebarView.php:22
      • 15. /app/View/Composers/SidebarView.php:12
      • 16. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:124
      • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:162
      • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:177
    • select * from `fake_users` where `fake_users`.`id` = 15251 limit 1
      590μsview::2dd102cf0462e89a4d4d8bc77355d767652bf9aa:15receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. 15251
      Backtrace
      • 21. view::2dd102cf0462e89a4d4d8bc77355d767652bf9aa:15
      • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:108
      • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 25. /vendor/livewire/livewire/src/ComponentConcerns/RendersLivewireComponents.php:69
      • 26. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:61
    App\Models\FakeUser
    1
    Outl1ne\MenuBuilder\Models\MenuItem
    1
    Outl1ne\MenuBuilder\Models\Menu
    1
    App\Models\JsonPostContent
    1
    App\Models\Post
    11
        _token
        72SwbOx7dE6ZoyyyexTpFuwd9N9Q7GyZi3cYwQH6
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://receivinghelpdesk.com/ask/what-are-the-units-of-flow-rate" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /what-are-the-units-of-flow-rate
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:24 [ "cf-ipcountry" => array:1 [ 0 => "US" ] "cf-connecting-ip" => array:1 [ 0 => "216.73.216.184" ] "cdn-loop" => array:1 [ 0 => "cloudflare; loops=1" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Chromium";v="130", "HeadlessChrome";v="130", "Not?A_Brand";v="99"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "cf-ray" => array:1 [ 0 => "950356c0285f6078-ORD" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, br" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "cf-visitor" => array:1 [ 0 => "{"scheme":"https"}" ] "connection" => array:1 [ 0 => "close" ] "x-forwarded-proto" => array:1 [ 0 => "https" ] "x-forwarded-for" => array:1 [ 0 => "216.73.216.184, 172.69.6.117" ] "x-server-addr" => array:1 [ 0 => "154.12.239.204" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "receivinghelpdesk.com" ] ]
        request_server
        0 of 0
        array:55 [ "USER" => "runcloud" "HOME" => "/home/runcloud" "SCRIPT_NAME" => "/ask/index.php" "REQUEST_URI" => "/ask/what-are-the-units-of-flow-rate" "QUERY_STRING" => "" "REQUEST_METHOD" => "GET" "SERVER_PROTOCOL" => "HTTP/1.0" "GATEWAY_INTERFACE" => "CGI/1.1" "REDIRECT_URL" => "/ask/what-are-the-units-of-flow-rate" "REMOTE_PORT" => "56664" "SCRIPT_FILENAME" => "/home/runcloud/webapps/ReceivingHelpDesk/ask/index.php" "SERVER_ADMIN" => "you@example.com" "CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT" => "/home/runcloud/webapps/ReceivingHelpDesk/" "CONTEXT_PREFIX" => "" "REQUEST_SCHEME" => "http" "DOCUMENT_ROOT" => "/home/runcloud/webapps/ReceivingHelpDesk/" "REMOTE_ADDR" => "172.69.6.117" "SERVER_PORT" => "80" "SERVER_ADDR" => "127.0.0.1" "SERVER_NAME" => "receivinghelpdesk.com" "SERVER_SOFTWARE" => "Apache/2.4.63 (Unix) OpenSSL/1.1.1f" "SERVER_SIGNATURE" => "" "LD_LIBRARY_PATH" => "/RunCloud/Packages/apache2-rc/lib" "PATH" => "/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin" "HTTP_CF_IPCOUNTRY" => "US" "HTTP_CF_CONNECTING_IP" => "216.73.216.184" "HTTP_CDN_LOOP" => "cloudflare; loops=1" "HTTP_SEC_FETCH_SITE" => "none" "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" "HTTP_USER_AGENT" => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" "HTTP_UPGRADE_INSECURE_REQUESTS" => "1" "HTTP_SEC_CH_UA_PLATFORM" => ""Windows"" "HTTP_SEC_CH_UA_MOBILE" => "?0" "HTTP_SEC_CH_UA" => ""Chromium";v="130", "HeadlessChrome";v="130", "Not?A_Brand";v="99"" "HTTP_CACHE_CONTROL" => "no-cache" "HTTP_PRAGMA" => "no-cache" "HTTP_SEC_FETCH_DEST" => "document" "HTTP_CF_RAY" => "950356c0285f6078-ORD" "HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING" => "gzip, br" "HTTP_PRIORITY" => "u=0, i" "HTTP_SEC_FETCH_USER" => "?1" "HTTP_SEC_FETCH_MODE" => "navigate" "HTTP_CF_VISITOR" => "{"scheme":"https"}" "HTTP_CONNECTION" => "close" "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO" => "https" "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR" => "216.73.216.184, 172.69.6.117" "HTTP_X_SERVER_ADDR" => "154.12.239.204" "HTTP_HOST" => "receivinghelpdesk.com" "HTTPS" => "on" "REDIRECT_STATUS" => "200" "REDIRECT_HTTPS" => "on" "FCGI_ROLE" => "RESPONDER" "PHP_SELF" => "/ask/index.php" "REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT" => 1750003840.1317 "REQUEST_TIME" => 1750003840 ]
        request_cookies
        []
        
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:7 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "private, must-revalidate" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Sun, 15 Jun 2025 16:10:40 GMT" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "expires" => array:1 [ 0 => -1 ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjFkZ3BlR0plaG5YRWhSK05TV3JyTVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZUNYTUszQTJqQjBTR3pPTzFGR2hYaUpvaXNxY3BJKytVNzY4QTVmbzNvTmVkY2ZoSVh2MFBPeW5MR2tRZlppcDhEemd5b2NxTlBJcVZUbU9RWitzaUxoZVdkcVBqL0hrWkxGczR2cnNld1dyTGNFMHJCY0psL29SRmVzNUhoSmEiLCJtYWMiOiIyNWE4MGI4ZWQ4OWUyYzRlMGVjZTdiNWVhYjk1OGJiNzIzYTVmYThjYzhiZDk5ZDA2NjhkY2Q0MmNlYjM0MzNjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 15-Jun-2025 18:10:41 GMT; Max-Age=7200; path=/; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjFkZ3BlR0plaG5YRWhSK05TV3JyTVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZUNYTUszQTJqQjBTR3pPTzFGR2hYaUpvaXNxY3BJKytVNzY4QTVmbzNvTmVkY2ZoSVh2MFBPeW5MR2tRZlppcDhEemd5b" 1 => "askhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6InlCdFpVYzg4VzJYUmZ3UmgyQzM0ZUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaXYxQ0IxWWJ4dTVhNzk3bzFkeDlsWmdhNzhKVXFOV0ZDZVRXK2VScnhNakxmanJOUlB4K3A0QXdxYnNLZFNBWTdBeFZDUHI1VWZjNld2WEtIc2xiQUNoY29ZRm9xNmJLc20xaUVNcEp2Tk5hRHQ0T1lTU2xPajEyMEk5OUVwNDkiLCJtYWMiOiJhM2M5YWQzNmFhZTI3N2VlODA1OGJlZWEzYzdkNzkxMzI3MjRhMTRiZmNiZDU4OTI1MDM1OWE5MzY1M2I4ZjgyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 15-Jun-2025 18:10:41 GMT; Max-Age=7200; path=/; httponly; samesite=laxaskhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6InlCdFpVYzg4VzJYUmZ3UmgyQzM0ZUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaXYxQ0IxWWJ4dTVhNzk3bzFkeDlsWmdhNzhKVXFOV0ZDZVRXK2VScnhNakxmanJOUlB4K3A0QXdxYnNLZFNB" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjFkZ3BlR0plaG5YRWhSK05TV3JyTVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZUNYTUszQTJqQjBTR3pPTzFGR2hYaUpvaXNxY3BJKytVNzY4QTVmbzNvTmVkY2ZoSVh2MFBPeW5MR2tRZlppcDhEemd5b2NxTlBJcVZUbU9RWitzaUxoZVdkcVBqL0hrWkxGczR2cnNld1dyTGNFMHJCY0psL29SRmVzNUhoSmEiLCJtYWMiOiIyNWE4MGI4ZWQ4OWUyYzRlMGVjZTdiNWVhYjk1OGJiNzIzYTVmYThjYzhiZDk5ZDA2NjhkY2Q0MmNlYjM0MzNjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 15-Jun-2025 18:10:41 GMT; path=/XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjFkZ3BlR0plaG5YRWhSK05TV3JyTVE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiZUNYTUszQTJqQjBTR3pPTzFGR2hYaUpvaXNxY3BJKytVNzY4QTVmbzNvTmVkY2ZoSVh2MFBPeW5MR2tRZlppcDhEemd5b" 1 => "askhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6InlCdFpVYzg4VzJYUmZ3UmgyQzM0ZUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaXYxQ0IxWWJ4dTVhNzk3bzFkeDlsWmdhNzhKVXFOV0ZDZVRXK2VScnhNakxmanJOUlB4K3A0QXdxYnNLZFNBWTdBeFZDUHI1VWZjNld2WEtIc2xiQUNoY29ZRm9xNmJLc20xaUVNcEp2Tk5hRHQ0T1lTU2xPajEyMEk5OUVwNDkiLCJtYWMiOiJhM2M5YWQzNmFhZTI3N2VlODA1OGJlZWEzYzdkNzkxMzI3MjRhMTRiZmNiZDU4OTI1MDM1OWE5MzY1M2I4ZjgyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Sun, 15-Jun-2025 18:10:41 GMT; path=/; httponlyaskhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6InlCdFpVYzg4VzJYUmZ3UmgyQzM0ZUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaXYxQ0IxWWJ4dTVhNzk3bzFkeDlsWmdhNzhKVXFOV0ZDZVRXK2VScnhNakxmanJOUlB4K3A0QXdxYnNLZFNB" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:4 [ "_token" => "72SwbOx7dE6ZoyyyexTpFuwd9N9Q7GyZi3cYwQH6" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://receivinghelpdesk.com/ask/what-are-the-units-of-flow-rate" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]