Physical Properties
- Boron is hard and black coloured solid.
- It is the first element of group 13 elements, hence the group name is “Boron Family”.
- It is a non-metallic element which is present in the p block of the periodic table.
- It has a solid and hard crystalline lattice, which results in its high melting point.
Full Answer
What are some characteristics of the boron group?
- The nuclear radius of Tl is somewhat bigger than In because of lanthanide compression.
- On moving down the group, +1 oxidation state turns out to be steadier than +3 states because of the inert pair impact.
- The high melting point of boron is because of its icosahedral structure. ...
What are the characteristics of the boron family?
- Boron behaves differently than the other elements in group 13 for the following reasons.
- It is very small in size.
- It has an extremely high ionization enthalpy.
- Because of its small size, it has a high electronegativity. The valence shell’s lack of d-orbital.
Which elements are in the same group as boron?
Things to Remember
- The boron family contains the semi-metal boron (B) and metals aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), and thallium (Tl). ...
- Pure boron is a dark amorphous powder.
- Boron has the highest melting point of the metalloids.
- Boron has the highest boiling point of the metalloids.
What are the chemical and physical properties of boron family?
Trends in properties of members of boron family:
- The members of the boron family react with halogens to form tri-chlorides, bromides, and iodides. ...
- The compounds of these elements like tetrahedral [M (OH) 4] – and octahedral [M (H 2 O) 6] 3+ (where M denotes a member of the boron family), exists in ...
- Because of the deficiency of electrons, these trihalides are strong Lewis acids.
What are the main properties of boron family?
Some properties of the boron group elementsboronaluminummelting point (°C)2,075660.32boiling point (°C)4,0002,519density: solid (grams per cubic centimetre at 20 °C)2.342.699density: liquid (grams per millilitre)2.372.37523 more rows
What does the boron group have in common?
Physical properties One characteristic that all do have in common is having three electrons in their valence shells. Boron, being a metalloid, is a thermal and electrical insulator at room temperature, but a good conductor of heat and electricity at high temperatures.
What is unique about the boron family?
The elements present in the group 13 of the modern periodic table are known as Boron family (includes B, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Uut). These elements have 3 electrons in their outermost shell. Only one member of this family i.e. boron is typically a non-metal.
What are the properties of Group 13 elements?
Preparation and General Properties of the Group 13 ElementsPropertyBoronAluminum*melting point/boiling point (°C)2075/4000660/2519density (g/cm 3) at 25°C2.342.70atomic radius (pm)87118first ionization energy (kJ/mol)80157817 more rows
What element has properties like boron?
MetalloidBoron groupPeriod 2 elementBoron/Chemical series
What are chemical properties of boron?
The chemical properties of boron are more similar to carbon and silicon than elements of its own group, although boron is more electron deficient. Boron has a high affinity for oxygen-forming borates, and reacts with water at temperatures above 100 °C to form boric acid and other boron compounds.
How boron is different from its own group?
1)Boron being small is harder than the other elements of its group. 2)It has higher melting and boiling point than those of the other members of its group. 3) Boron forms only covalent compounds while all other members form both ionic and covalent compounds.
What is the chemical and physical property of boron?
The melting point of boron is 2079°C, its boiling/sublimation point is at 2550°C, the specific gravity of crystalline boron is 2.34, the specific gravity of the amorphous form is 2.37, and its valence is 3. Boron has interesting optical properties. The boron mineral ulexite exhibits natural fiberoptic properties.
What are 3 interesting facts about boron?
Interesting Facts about BoronBoron is a tough element – very hard, and very resistant to heat. ... Boron is an essential nutrient for all green plants.Boron in its crystalline form is very unreactive. ... Unusually, the universe's atoms of boron were not made by nuclear fusion within stars and were not made in the big bang.More items...
What group is boron?
Group 3A (or IIIA) of the periodic table includes the metalloid boron (B), as well as the metals aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), and thallium (Tl). Boron forms mostly covalent bonds, while the other elements in Group 3A form mostly ionic bonds.
Why is boron group 13?
Boron is the fifth element of the periodic table (Z=5), located in Group 13. It is classified as a metalloid due it its properties that reflect a combination of both metals and nonmetals. Aluminum (also called Aluminium) is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust.
What kind of bond is boron?
covalently bondedIn its compounds boron shows an oxidation state of +3. The first three ionization energies of boron, however, are much too high to allow formation of compounds containing the B3+ ion; thus, in all its compounds boron is covalently bonded.
Why does the separation of the group 13 elements require a lot of energy?
Separation of the group 13 elements needs a lot of energy. This is due to the compounds made by the Group 13 elements with oxygen are inert thermodynamically. Boron behaves as a non-metal chemically. Still, the rest of the elements show metallic characteristics.
Why is nihonium so strong?
The main reason for this is due to the spin-orbit (SO) interface, which is particularly strong for the superheavy elements , due to their electrons move much faster than in fewer weight atoms, at speed close to the speed of light.
How many elements are in group 13?
The group 13 contain six elements. They belong to boron family named as follows Boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), Indium (In), thallium (Tl), and element 113 (Nihonium) gets the name of ununtrium U u t. The mutual property of the group is that each one of the elements has three electrons in the external shell of their nuclear structure.
What are the properties of element 113?
Properties of Element 113 (Nihonium) Nihonium is the first compound of the 7p chain of elements and the heaviest in group 13 elements on the periodic table, after boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium. Group 13 elements excluding boron are metals, and nihonium is predictable to follow suit. Nihonium is expected to show many changes ...
What is the mutual property of a group?
The mutual property of the group is that each one of the elements has three electrons in the external shell of their nuclear structure. Boron is the lightest of the elements mentioned in this group. It is a non-metal. Astonishingly, the others in the group are bright white metals. These elements have similarly been referred to as icosagens ...
Which element is the third most abundant in the Earth's outside?
It is also the third most abundant element in the Earth’s outside (8.3%). We can discover Gallium in the earth with a wealth of 13 parts per molecule. Indium is the 61 st richest element in the world’s shell. Thallium is spread in small amounts all over the planet.
What are the physical properties of gallium?
Physical properties of Gallium. Elemental gallium is not commonly found in nature, but it is easily gained by smelting. Very pure gallium metal has a silvery color and its solid metal cracks similarly like glass .
What are the characteristics of boron?
Moreover, all of the other elements in group 13 are relatively reactive at moderate temperatures, while boron's reactivity only becomes comparable at very high temperatures. One characteristic that all do have in common is having three electrons in their valence shells. Boron, being a metalloid, is a thermal and electrical insulator at room temperature, but a good conductor of heat and electricity at high temperatures. Unlike boron, the metals in the group are good conductors under normal conditions. This is in accordance with the long-standing generalization that all metals conduct heat and electricity better than most non-metals.
What is the boron group?
The boron group are the chemical elements in group 13 of the periodic table, comprising boron (B), aluminium (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Tl), and perhaps also the chemically uncharacterized nihonium (Nh). The elements in the boron group are characterized by having three valence electrons. These elements have also been referred ...
Why is Boron sparsely found?
Boron occurs sparsely, probably because bombardment by the subatomic particles produced from natural radioactivity disrupts its nuclei. Aluminium occurs widely on earth, and indeed is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust (8.3%). Gallium is found in the earth with an abundance of 13 ppm.
How many valence electrons does boron have?
The elements in the boron group are characterized by having three valence electrons. These elements have also been referred to as the triels. Boron is commonly classified as a (metalloid) while the rest, with the possible exception of nihonium, are considered post-transition metals.
Which group of elements can form stable compounds?
The elements in group 13 are also capable of forming stable compounds with the halogens, usually with the formula MX 3 (where M is a boron-group element and X is a halogen.) Fluorine, the first halogen, is able to form stable compounds with every element that has been tested (except neon and helium ), and the boron group is no exception. It is even hypothesized that nihonium could form a compound with fluorine, NhF 3, before spontaneously decaying due to nihonium's radioactivity. Chlorine also forms stable compounds with all of the elements in the boron group, including thallium, and is hypothesized to react with nihonium. All of the elements will react with bromine under the right conditions, as with the other halogens but less vigorously than either chlorine or fluorine. Iodine will react with all natural elements in the periodic table except for the noble gases, and is notable for its explosive reaction with aluminium to form 2AlI 3. Astatine, the heaviest halogen, has only formed a few compounds, due to its radioactivity and short half-life, and no reports of a compound with an At–Al, –Ga, –In, –Tl, or –Nh bond have been seen, although scientists think that it should form salts with metals.
What is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust?
Aluminium. Aluminium, in contrast to boron, is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, and the third most abundant element. It composes about 8.2% (82,000 ppm) of the Earth’s crust, surpassed only by oxygen and silicon. It is like boron, however, in that it is uncommon in nature as a free element.
Where is boron found?
It is known to occur in over a hundred different minerals and ores, however: the main source is borax, but it is also found in colemanite, boracite, kernite, tusionite, berborite and fluoborite. Major world miners and extractors of boron include the United States, Turkey, Argentina, China, Bolivia and Peru. Turkey is by far the most prominent of these, accounting for around 70% of all boron extraction in the world. The United States is second, most of its yield coming from the state of California.
Occurrence of Boron
Boron is a relatively rare element that is well known due to its presence in borax deposits. Aluminium is the third most abundant element (8.3%) in the earth’s crust after oxygen (46.0%) and silicon (27.7%). The remaining three elements (Ga, In and TI) are found in trace amounts as sulphides in zinc and lead sulphide ores.
Electronic Configuration of Group 13 Elements
The general valence shell electronic configuration of group 13 elements is ns2np1, where n = 2 − 7 While boron and aluminium have noble gas cores, gallium and indium have noble gas plus 10 d-electrons, and thallium has noble gas plus 14f -plus 10d -electron cores.
Chemical Properties of the Boron Family (Group 13 Elements)
1. Oxidation state: The elements of group 13 have two electrons in the s-orbital and one electron in the p-orbital. As a result, these elements should have a uniform oxidation state of + 3.
Summary
Group 13 represents the boron family, and the elements have an ns2np1 configuration. It includes boron (B) aluminium (Al) gallium (Ga), Indium (In) thallium (Tl) and the newly discovered element, ununtrium (uut) which is radioactive. The atomic and ionic radii of group 13 elements are smaller than those of group 2 elements.
FAQs On Group 13 Elements
The most commonly asked questions about Group 13 elements are answered here:
What is the boron group?
The boron group is notable for its trends in the electron configuration and a few of its characteristics of the elements. Boron varies from the other group members in its refractivity, reluctance, and hardness to participate in metallic bonding. One of the examples of a trend in reactivity is given as the tendency of boron to form reactive compounds with hydrogen.
Why is boron considered an anomalous element?
Because of the unavailability of d-electrons and their smaller size, boron is found to exhibit properties that are in contrast to the other elements associated with the boron family. These properties are referred to as anomalous properties of boron. A few of these anomalous properties can be listed as follows:
What is the color of borax?
This mineral takes the colourless form of soft white crystals, which at times, can be tinged with yellow, green, or brown.
Which element is unreactive?
Most of the elements found in the boron group show increasing reactivity as the elements get heavier in the atomic mass and higher in the atomic number. Boron, which is the first element in the group, is normally unreactive with several elements except at high temperatures, though it is capable of producing several compounds with hydrogen, at times called boranes. The simplest borane is either B2H6 or diborane. B10H14 is another example.
Which group of elements is bonded to oxygen?
All the boron-group elements are much known to produce a trivalent oxide, involving two atoms of the element, which is covalently bonded with three oxygen atoms. These elements exhibit an increasing pH trend (from acidic to basic).
Is nihonium radioactive?
Answer: Nihonium is concerned as a highly unstable element, and it decays by emitting alpha particles. It may have been highly radioactive due to its high radioactivity, but massive amounts of Nihonium (which are greater than a few atoms) have not been assembled.
Is boron a toxic element?
All the elements in the boron group can be said to be toxic, given a high enough dose. A few of them are only toxic to animals, some only to plants, and a few to both.
How are the chemical properties of a solid, liquid, gas, and plasma determined?
The chemical properties of the atom are determined by the number of protons, in fact, by number and arrangement of electrons. The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The number of electrons in each element’s electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. In the periodic table, the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z.
What is the periodic table?
The periodic table is a tabular display of the chemical elements organized on the basis of their atomic numbers, electron configurations, and chemical properties. The electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals. Knowledge of the electron configuration of different atoms is useful in understanding the structure of the periodic table of elements.
What is the symbol for electronegativity?
Electronegativity, symbol χ, is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards this atom. For this purposes, a dimensionless quantity the Pauling scale, symbol χ, is the most commonly used.
How many oxidation states are there?
Oxidation states are typically represented by integers which may be positive, zero, or negative. Most elements have more than one possible oxidation state. For example, carbon has nine possible integer oxidation states from −4 to +4.
What is the boiling point of a substance?
The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which this phase change (boiling or vaporization) occurs. The temperature at which vaporization (boiling) starts to occur for a given pressure is also known as the saturation temperature and at this conditions a mixture of vapor and liquid can exist together. The liquid can be said to be saturated with thermal energy. Any addition of thermal energy results in a phase transition. At the boiling point the two phases of a substance, liquid and vapor, have identical free energies and therefore are equally likely to exist. Below the boiling point, the liquid is the more stable state of the two, whereas above the gaseous form is preferred. The pressure at which vaporization (boiling) starts to occur for a given temperature is called the saturation pressure. When considered as the temperature of the reverse change from vapor to liquid, it is referred to as the condensation point.
The Occurrence of The Boron Family
Physical Properties of Group 13 Elements
- Indium has a smaller nuclear radius than Thallium. This is due to the lanthanide compression.
- As we move down to the element in the group, the +1 oxidation state turns out to be more stable than +3 states. This is mainly due to the inert pair effect.
- Boron has a high melting point. This is due to the icosahedral assembly. In the boron family, gallium has the lowest melting point of all.
- Indium has a smaller nuclear radius than Thallium. This is due to the lanthanide compression.
- As we move down to the element in the group, the +1 oxidation state turns out to be more stable than +3 states. This is mainly due to the inert pair effect.
- Boron has a high melting point. This is due to the icosahedral assembly. In the boron family, gallium has the lowest melting point of all.
- All the elements of this family glow in oxygen at high temperatures forming M2O3.
Chemical Properties of Group 13 Elements
- Separation of the group 13 elements needs a lot of energy. This is due to the compounds made by the Group 13 elements with oxygen being inert thermodynamically.
- Boron behaves as a non-metal chemically. Still, the rest of the elements show metallic characteristics. Why does this occur? A big portion of the irregularities seen in the characteristics of the g...
Properties of Aluminum
- Density of Aluminum Aluminum has a density around 1/3 that of copper or steel making it one of the lightest commercially available metals. The resulting high strength to weight ratio marks it as a significant structural material allowing increased loads or fuel savings for transport industries. Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum The thermal conductivity of aluminum is about three times la…
Properties of Gallium
- Physical Properties of Gallium Elemental gallium is not commonly found in nature, but it is easily gained by smelting. Very pure gallium metal has a silvery color and its solid metal cracks similarly like glass. Gallium in liquid states expands by 3.10% when it solidifies; hence, it should not be kept in glass or metal containers because the container may break when the gallium changes state. …
Properties of Indium
- Physical Properties of Indium Indium is a silvery-white, extremely ductile post-transition metal with a bright shine. It is so soft (hardness is 1.2) that like sodium (Na), it can be sliced with a knife. It also leaves a noticeable line on paper. It is a member of group 13 on the periodic tableand its properties or characteristics are typically intermediate in between its vertical neighbor's galliu…
Properties of Element 113 - Nihonium
- Nihonium is the first compound of the 7p chain of elements and the heaviest in group 13 elements on the periodic table, after boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium. Group 13 elements excluding boron are metals, and nihonium is predictable to follow suit. Nihonium is expected to show many changes from its lighter homologues. The main reason for this is due t…
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Overview
The boron group are the chemical elements in group 13 of the periodic table, comprising boron (B), aluminium (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Tl), and perhaps also the chemically uncharacterized nihonium (Nh). The elements in the boron group are characterized by having three valence electrons. These elements have also been referred to as the triels.
Characteristics
Like other groups, the members of this family show patterns in electron configuration, especially in the outermost shells, resulting in trends in chemical behavior:
The boron group is notable for trends in the electron configuration, as shown above, and in some of its elements' characteristics. Boron differs from the oth…
History
The boron group has had many names over the years. According to former conventions it was Group IIIB in the European naming system and Group IIIA in the American. The group has also gained two collective names, "earth metals" and "triels". The latter name is derived from the Latin prefix tri- ("three") and refers to the three valence electrons that all of these elements, without exceptio…
Occurrence and abundance
Boron, with its atomic number of 5, is a very light element. Almost never found free in nature, it is very low in abundance, composing only 0.001% (10 ppm) of the Earth's crust. It is known to occur in over a hundred different minerals and ores, however: the main source is borax, but it is also found in colemanite, boracite, kernite, tusionite, berborite and fluoborite. Major world miners and extr…
Applications
With the exception of synthetic nihonium, all the elements in the boron group have numerous uses and applications in the production and content of many items.
Boron has found many industrial applications in recent decades, and new ones are still being found. A common application is in fiberglass. There has been ra…
Biological role
None of the group-13 elements has a major biological role in complex animals, but some are at least associated with a living being. As in other groups, the lighter elements usually have more biological roles than the heavier. The heaviest ones are toxic, as are the other elements in the same periods. Boron is essential in most plants, whose cells use it for such purposes as strengthening cell walls. It is found in humans, certainly as a essential trace element, but there is …
Toxicity
All of the elements in the boron group can be toxic, given a high enough dose. Some of them are only toxic to plants, some only to animals, and some to both.
As an example of boron toxicity, it has been observed to harm barley in concentrations exceeding 20 mM. The symptoms of boron toxicity are numerous in plants, complicating research: they include reduced cell division, decreased shoot and root growth, decreased production of leaf chl…
External links
• oxide (chemical compound) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Britannica.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-16.
• Visual Elements: Group 13. Rsc.org. Retrieved on 2011-05-16.
• Trends In Chemical Reactivity Of Group 13 Elements. Tutorvista.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-16.