Physical Properties
| Property | Value | Source |
| PAff | 686.90 | NIST |
| BasG | 666.90 | NIST |
| ΔcH°liquid | [-3947.00; -3918.00] | |
| Δ c H° liquid | -3918.60 ± 0.70 | NIST |
What are six examples of chemical properties?
- Density
- Dielectric constant
- Ductility
- Distribution
- Efficacy
- Electric charge
- Electrical conductivity
- electrical impedance
- Electrical resistivity
- Electric field
What are the hazards of cyclohexane?
Cyclohexane 110- 82 -7 90 - 100% Yes 3. Hazards Identification Emergency Overview ----- DANGER! EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE LIQUID AND VAPOR. VAPOR MAY CAUSE FLASH FI RE. HARMFUL OR FATAL IF SWALLOWED. HARMFUL IF INHALED. AFFECTS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
What are the chemical properties of c8h10n4o2?
The caffeine molecule contains a total of 24 atom (s). There are 10 Hydrogen atom (s), 8 Carbon atom (s), 4 Nitrogen atom (s) and 2 Oxygen atom (s). A chemical formula of caffeine can therefore be written as: C8H10N4O2
What are the properties of chemical property?
Properties Of Argon
- It is odourless, colourless gas that is totally inert into other substance.
- Under extreme conditions, argon can form certain compounds even though it is a gas.
- It is characterized by same solubility level in water as that of oxygen.
- It has low thermal conductivity.
Is cyclohexane a solid liquid or gas?
liquidCyclohexane appears as a clear colorless liquid with a petroleum-like odor.
What is special about cyclohexane?
Cyclohexane has the lowest angle and torsional strain of all the cycloalkanes, as a result cyclohexane has been deemed a 0 in total ring strain, a combination of angle and torsional strain.
What is cyclohexane used for in chemistry?
Most cyclohexane goes into the production of intermediates for nylon, which has a variety of common applications such as clothing, tents and carpets as well as thermoplastics. Cyclohexane is also used as a solvent in chemical and industrial processes and recently has been substituted for benzene in many applications.
Why is cyclohexane insoluble in water?
Cyclohexane are not containing the -OH group hence not able to bond with -H ion. Hence they are not soluble in water.
What are the chemical and physical properties of cyclohexane?
Cyclohexane is a colourless, mobile liquid with a mild, sweet odour. It is slightly soluble in water and soluble in alcohol, acetone, benzene, ethanol, ethyl ether, olive oil, and carbon tetrachloride.
What is the chemical formula of cyclohexane?
C6H12Cyclohexane / Formula
What is the functional group of cyclohexane?
alkeneStructure of Cyclohexene Its chemical formula is C6 H10. It is a six-membered carbon ring with a double bond in between two of the carbon atoms. When an organic compound has a carbon-carbon double bond we call it an alkene. This is the functional group of the molecule.
Is cyclohexane an acid or base?
Electons on phenol are stabilized by their delocalization throughout the ring (shown below); cyclohexane has no electron delocalization, and thus is a much weaker acid. The presence of electronegative groups near a hydrogen also makes it more acidic.
What type of bond does cyclohexane have?
Cyclohexane has covalent, nonpolar bonds. You can determine this by looking at its chemical formula C6 H 12. Both hydrogen and carbon are nonmetals, so the bond is covalent.
What Colour is cyclohexane?
Analysis of results – Trial resultsHalogenColour of upper organic layer after shaking with hydrocarbon solventbromineaqueous: yellow-orange to colourless cyclohexane: colourless to pale yellow-orangeIodineaqueous: brown to colourless cyclohexane: colourless to pink/purple1 more row
Is cyclohexane flammable?
ICSC 0242 - CYCLOHEXANE. Highly flammable. Vapour/air mixtures are explosive. Heating will cause rise in pressure with risk of bursting.
Why is cyclohexane a good solvent?
Both cyclohexane and toluene are classified as non polar solvents, but cyclohexane is one of the least polar solvent, it has ability to dissolve only very nonpolar molecules, while toluene because of aromatic ring and it's ability to form charge transfer complex with other electron accepter molecules it is more power ...
What is the color of cyclohexane?
Cyclohexane is a colorless liquid with a mild, sweet odor.
What is cyclohexane used for?
Cyclohexane is used as a chemical intermediate; as a solvent for fats, oils, waxes, resins, cer- tain synthetic rubbers; and as an extractant of essential oils in the perfume industry.
Why does cyclohexane not hydrolyze?
Cyclohexane will not hydrolyze because it has no hydrolyzable functional group.
How is cyclohexane made?
Cyclohexane is a petroleum product obtainedby distilling C4- 400°F boiling rangenaphthas, followed by fractionation andsuperfraction ation; also formed by catalytichydrogenation of benzene. It is usedextensively as a solvent for lacquers andresins, as a paint and varnish remover, andin the manufacture of adipic acid, benzene,cyclohexanol, and cyclohexanone.
Where does cyclohexane come from?
Cyclohexane is fractionated from crude oil and may be released wherever petroleum products are refined, stored, and used. Another large source of general release is in exhaust gases from motor vehicles. It is prepared synthetically from benzene, by hydrocracking of cyclopentane, or from toluene by simultaneous dealkylation and double bond hydrogenation.
Why was nitrogen dioxide fed into a nitration column containing hot Cyclohexane?
Liquid nitrogen dioxide was fed into a nitration column containing hot Cyclohexane, due to an error. An explosion resulted [MCA Case History 128 (1962)] Incompatible with strong oxidizers.
Is cyclohexane bioaccumulative?
The potential for bioconcentration and bioaccumulation of cyclohexane in aquatic organisms is moderate. It is highly resistant to biodegradation and is catabolized chiefly by cooxidation.
What is the chemical formula for cyclohexane?
Cyclohexane is a cycloalkane with the molecular formula C6H12. Cyclohexane is a colourless, flammable liquid with a distinctive detergent-like odor, reminiscent of cleaning products (in which it is sometimes used).
Is cyclohexane a liquid?
It is insoluble in water and soluble in alcohol, acetone, benzene, ethanol, ethyl ether, olive oil, and carbon tetrachloride. Chyclohexane is a non-corrosive liquid and wil volatilize quickly.
What is cyclohexane used for?
Cyclohexane is also used for calibration of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) instruments, because of a convenient crystal-crystal transition at −87.1 °C. Cyclohexane vapor is used in vacuum carburizing furnaces, in heat treating equipment manufacture.
How many phases does cyclohexane have?
Cyclohexane has two crystalline phases. The high-temperature phase I, stable between 186 K and the melting point 280 K, is a plastic crystal, which means the molecules retain some rotational degree of freedom. The low-temperature (below 186 K) phase II is ordered. Two other low-temperature (metastable) phases III and IV have been obtained by application of moderate pressures above 30 MPa, where phase IV appears exclusively in deuterated cyclohexane (application of pressure increases the values of all transition temperatures).
Which conformation is the most stable for cyclohexane?
The idea that the chair conformation is the most stable structure for cyclohexane was first proposed as early as 1890 by Hermann Sachse, but only gained widespread acceptance much later. The new conformation puts the carbons at an angle of 109.5°.
Is cyclohexane polar or nonpolar?
Cyclohexane is non-polar. Cyclohexane is a colorless, flammable liquid with a distinctive detergent -like odor, reminiscent of cleaning products (in which it is sometimes used). Cyclohexane is mainly used for the industrial production of adipic acid and caprolactam, which are precursors to nylon.
Is cyclohexane a solvent?
It is used as a solvent in some brands of correction fluid. Cyclohexane is sometimes used as a non-polar organic solvent, although n-hexane is more widely used for this purpose. It is frequently used as a recrystallization solvent, as many organic compounds exhibit good solubility in hot cyclohexane and poor solubility at low temperatures.
What is the chemical formula for cyclohexane?
The chemical and molecular formula for cyclohexane is C6H12. The condensed structural formula for a compound shows the carbon atoms adjacent to their attached hydrogen atoms. For cyclohexane, the condensed structural chemical formula is CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2. As shown by the molecular formula for cyclohexane, the compound is made of two elements - carbon and hydrogen. Based on the molecular formula, there are six carbons and twelve hydrogens in cyclohexane.
What is cyclohexane?
Cyclohexane is a cyclic alkane compound commonly studied in organic chemistry. The name for this compound contains two parts: 'cyclo,' referring to the compound's ring structure; and 'hexane,' reflecting the six carbons found in the compound. Cyclohexane is found in a variety of products, such as nylon used in clothing and thermoplastics, solvents including paint thinners, and in the production of other chemical compounds.
What is the eclipsing strain of cyclohexane?
In a planar conformation, cyclohexane would experience severe angle and eclipsing strain. Angle strain occurs when a carbon-carbon bond deviates from a more ideal bond angle. Eclipsing strain represents an increase in energy due to the repulsion between electrons that do not share a common carbon atom in a molecule. Because the planar form of cyclohexane would result in hydrogens located in the axial position, the electron fields of hydrogens located on different carbons would result in eclipsing strain.
How many carbons are in C6H12?
Cyclohexane (C6H12) is a cyclic compound in which six carbons are covalently bonded in a ring structure. Because of this ring structure, each carbon is bound to two hydrogen and to two adjacent carbons, as seen in the Lewis structure below. As a result, there are no CH3 groups in cyclohexane. Instead, the cyclohexane structure consists of a ring of six connected CH2, or methylene, groups.
What is the bond angle of cyclohexane?
However, the carbon-carbon bonds in cyclohexane possess tetrahedral symmetry, which is associated with bond angles of 109.5°. Because cyclohexane possesses bond angles that are 109.5°, it is unable to form a flat, planar, hexagon.
Is cyclohexane IUPAC?
Although many compounds have different IUPAC names from their common name, cyclohexane is unique. Both the IUPAC and common name for this compound is cyclo hexane.
Is cyclohexane polar or nonpolar?
Cyclohexane is a non-polar molecule that exists primarily as a colorless, flammable liquid with an odor reminiscent of cleaning products. Some of the properties of cyclohexane, including cyclohexane density and molecular weight, are:
What is the purity of cyclohexane?
Cyclohexane is an essential intermediate for the synthesis of nylon–6,6. The purity level required for the use of cyclohexane, especially for its oxidation, is higher than 99%. This purity can be obtained by the benzene hydrogenation technique. The conversion is highly exothermic and is favored by low temperature, and high hydrogen partial pressure.
Where are the conformations of cyclohexane?
Conformations of Cyclohexane. The equatorial C─H bonds lie in a band around the “equator” of the ring. Each carbon atom has one axial hydrogen that is perpendicular to the plane of the ring. The axial hydrogens alternate up and down moving from any axial hydrogen on one carbon to the adjacent carbon.
How much cyclohexane can be processed in a single stage reactor?
The single-gauze reactor can autothermally process ~ 10 kg/day of cyclohexane or n -hexane in a simple and inexpensive single stage. Direct scale-up to a reactor with a gauze of 1-meter diameter at constant contact time and no recycle should give ~ 6000 kg/day (6.6 ton/day) of a mixture of 5-hexenal and cyclohexene from cyclohexane or ~ 3000 kg/day (3.3 ton/day) of 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran from n -hexane. The main economic hurdle for this technology is presumably that separation of the product stream would be energy-intensive.
What is cyclohexane used for?
Cyclohexane is generally used as an intermediate chemical. Specifically 54 percent of what is produced is used in the production of adipic acid for nylon-6/6, 39 percent for caprolactam for nylon-6, and 7 percent for products including solvents, insecticides and plasticizers. The demand for nylon (and hence cyclohexane) in engineering thermoplastics in resins and films is growing at about 6% annually. Engineering thermoplastics are noted for their outstanding properties of high tensile strength, excellent abrasion, and chemical resistance and heat resistant. They have particular and growing demand in performing mechanical duties that traditionally relied on metal parts. The total world annual capacity of cyclohexane is about 1,800 million gallons of which the U.S. capacity is about 600 million gallons with the U.S. annual production of Chevron-Phillips of 205 million gallons. Cyclohexane growth rate is estimated to average about 2 percent annually. The demand for cyclohexane in Japan has decreased due to a new production route to adipic acid that employs cyclohexene rather than cyclohexane.
How many gallons of cyclohexane is produced annually?
The total world annual capacity of cyclohexane is about 1,800 million gallons of which the U.S. capacity is about 600 million gallons with the U.S. annual production of Chevron-Phillips of 205 million gallons. Cyclohexane growth rate is estimated to average about 2 percent annually.
How to study cyclohexane?
Cyclohexane is best studied by building a molecular model, either with a physical model or with a molecular modeling program. When we make a model of the chair conformation of cyclohexane, we can easily see the torsional relationships and the orientation of the equatorial and axial hydrogen atoms.
What are the by-products of hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane?
The major by-products of hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane are n-hexane, methyl-cyclopentane, methyl-cyclohexane, methyl-pentane, n-pentane, and methane.
How many carbon atoms are in cyclohexane?
Cyclohexane is formed from six carbon atoms and six H2 molecules. The formation of cyclohexene requires six carbon atoms and five H2 molecules.
Which has more C-H bonds, cyclohexene or cyclohexene?
Cyclohexane contains two C-H bonds more than cyclohexene. Cyclohexene contains one π-bond whereas cyclohexane does not contaln any pi bonds.
What is the difference between a less energetic and a stable molecule?
In such state the molecule is not attacked by other chemical substances. (Activation energy will be required to make it reactive) so they are called stable.
Which bond is anti-periplanar to 2 C-C bonds?
In the equatorial conformation the C-methyl bond is anti-periplanar to 2 C-C bonds; in the axial conformation the C-methyl bond is gauche (synclinal) which is less stable.
Is cyclohexane strain free?
The chair and boat conformations of cyclohexane are virtually angle strain free. The chair conformation is perfectly staggered about all C-C-C bonds and therefore there is no torsional strain.
Overview
Cyclohexane is a cycloalkane with the molecular formula C6H12. Cyclohexane is non-polar. Cyclohexane is a colorless, flammable liquid with a distinctive detergent-like odor, reminiscent of cleaning products (in which it is sometimes used). Cyclohexane is mainly used for the industrial production of adipic acid and caprolactam, which are precursors to nylon.
Cyclohexyl (C6H11) is the alkyl substituent of cyclohexane and is abbreviated Cy.
Production
On an industrial scale, cyclohexane is produced by hydrogenation of benzene in the presence of a Raney nickel catalyst. Producers of cyclohexane account for approximately 11.4% of global demand for benzene. The reaction is highly exothermic, with ΔH(500 K) = -216.37 kJ/mol. Dehydrogenation commenced noticeably above 300 °C, reflecting the favorable entropy for dehydrogenation.
Reactions and uses
Although rather unreactive, cyclohexane undergoes catalytic oxidation to produce cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol. The cyclohexanone–cyclohexanol mixture, called "KA oil", is a raw material for adipic acid and caprolactam, precursors to nylon. Several million kilograms of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol are produced annually.
It is used as a solvent in some brands of correction fluid. Cyclohexane is sometimes used as a n…
Conformation
The 6-vertex edge ring does not conform to the shape of a perfect hexagon. The conformation of a flat 2D planar hexagon has considerable angle strain because its bonds are not 109.5 degrees; the torsional strain would also be considerable because all of the bonds would be eclipsed bonds. Therefore, to reduce torsional strain, cyclohexane adopts a three-dimensional structure known as the chair conformation, which rapidly interconvert at room temperature via a process known as a chair …
See also
• The Flixborough disaster, a major industrial accident caused by an explosion of cyclohexane.
• Hexane
• Ring flip
• Cyclohexane (data page)
External links
• International Chemical Safety Card 0242
• National Pollutant Inventory – Cyclohexane fact sheet
• NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
• Cyclohexane@3Dchem