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what are nucleic acids

by Jaleel Rolfson Published 4 years ago Updated 3 years ago

What are some interesting facts about nucleic acids?

Some interesting facts about Nucleic acids: Nucleic acids code your genes, they are used in protein synthesis, repair, and reproduction. A nucleotide is a double helix made of two strands of polymers. If we did not have nucleotides we would get information to our cells and we wouldn’t be able to code our genes.

How do you identify nucleic acids?

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What do nucleic acids do for your body?

The medicines created from nucleic acids can be used to:

  • Treat Alzheimer’s disease
  • Improve memory
  • Increase mental acuity
  • Add energy and reduce depression
  • Get firmer skin and increased sex drive
  • Reverse the effects of aging

What does nucleic acid do to your body?

There is extensive literature that suggests that extraneously added nucleic acids have biological actions. They can enter into cells in vitro and in vivo and induce genetic transformation and cellular and chromosomal damage; and experimentally added nucleic acids are capable of activating both innate and adaptive immune systems and inducing a sterile inflammatory response.

What are nucleic acids simple definition?

Nucleic acids are naturally occurring chemical compounds that serve as the primary information-carrying molecules in cells. They play an especially important role in directing protein synthesis. The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

What are nucleic acids give examples?

Two examples of nucleic acids include deoxyribonucleic acid (better known as DNA) and ribonucleic acid (better known as RNA). These molecules are composed of long strands of nucleotides held together by covalent bonds. Nucleic acids can be found within the nucleus and cytoplasm of our cells.Jan 24, 2020

Where are nucleic acids?

They are called nucleic acids because scientists first found them in the nucleus of cells. Now that we have better equipment, nucleic acids have been found in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cells that have no nucleus, such as bacteria and viruses.

What are 5 examples of nucleic acids?

Examples of Nucleic Acidsdeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)ribonucleic acid (RNA)messenger RNA (mRNA)transfer RNA (tRNA)ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Why nucleic acids are called acids?

The only difference there is the replacement of two of the protons from the phosphoric acid with protons from the sugar molecules of the nucleotide. This leaves only one remaining proton, which is very acidic. That easily-lost proton is what causes nucleic acids to be so acidic.Nov 20, 2016

Why are nucleic acids acids?

Why is DNA called a nucleic “acid” when it also has a basic component (nitrogenous bases)? The most straightforward answer is that the phosphate group — with its negative charge and exposure to the outside environment — plays a leading role in DNA structure.May 4, 2012

What are nucleic acids kids?

From Academic Kids A nucleic acid is a complex, high-molecular-weight biochemical macromolecule composed of nucleotide chains that convey genetic information. The most common nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and viruses.

What is nucleic acid and its function?

​Nucleic Acid Nucleic acid is an important class of macromolecules found in all cells and viruses. The functions of nucleic acids have to do with the storage and expression of genetic information. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) encodes the information the cell needs to make proteins.

What are nucleic acids Class 12?

Nucleic acids are the polymers in which nucleotides are monomers. These are biomolecules present in nuclei of all living cells in the form of nucleoproteins . They are also called as polynucleotides .

What are the 4 nucleic acids?

During the period 1920-45, naturally occurring nucleic acid polymers (DNA and RNA) were thought to contain only four canonical nucleosides (ribo-or deoxy-derivatives): adenosine, cytosine, guanosine, and uridine or thymidine.

What are the 3 nucleic acids?

Nucleic acids such as DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid) are composed of a sugar or derivative of a sugar (ribose or 2-deoxyribose), a nucleobase (cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine, or uracil), and phosphoric acid and found in cell nuclei.

Where are nucleic acids found food?

Nucleic acids are found in all living things, including the foods you eat. Based on current research, meat, fish, seafood, legumes, and mushrooms contain the highest levels of these compounds.Jan 24, 2022

What are nucleic acids?

Nucleic acids are naturally occurring chemical compounds that serve as the primary information-carrying molecules in cells. They play an especially...

What is the basic structure of a nucleic acid?

Nucleic acids are long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of...

What nitrogen-containing bases occur in nucleic acids?

Each nucleic acid contains four of five possible nitrogen-containing bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U). A...

When were nucleic acids discovered?

Nucleic acids were discovered in 1869 by Swiss biochemist Friedrich Miescher.

What are the two classes of nucleic acids?

They play an especially important role in directing protein synthesis. The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) and ribonucleic acid ( RNA ).

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

Nucleic acids are long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogen-containing aromatic base attached to a pentose (five-carbon) sugar, which is in turn attached to a phosphate group.

How are nucleotides synthesized?

The ribose phosphate portion of both purine and pyrimidine nucleotides is synthesized from glucose via the pentose phosphate pathway. The six-atom pyrimidine ring is synthesized first and subsequently attached to the ribose phosphate. The two rings in purines are synthesized while attached to the ribose phosphate during the assembly of adenine or guanine nucleosides. In both cases the end product is a nucleotide carrying a phosphate attached to the 5′ carbon on the sugar. Finally, a specialized enzyme called a kinase adds two phosphate groups using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as the phosphate donor to form ribonucleoside triphosphate, the immediate precursor of RNA. For DNA, the 2′-hydroxyl group is removed from the ribonucleoside diphosphate to give deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate. An additional phosphate group from ATP is then added by another kinase to form a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, the immediate precursor of DNA.

What is the chemical compound that is capable of being broken down to yield phosphoric acid, sugars, and

Nucleic acid, naturally occurring chemical compound that is capable of being broken down to yield phosphoric acid, sugars, and a mixture of organic bases (purines and pyrimidines). Nucleic acids are the main information-carrying molecules of the cell, and, by directing the process of protein synthesis, they determine the inherited characteristics ...

What are the bases of nucleotides?

Each nucleic acid contains four of five possible nitrogen-containing base s: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U). A and G are categorized as purines, and C, T, and ...

What are the two rings in purines?

The two rings in purines are synthesized while attached to the ribose phosphate during the assembly of adenine or guanine nucleosides . In both cases the end product is a nucleotide carrying a phosphate attached to the 5′ carbon on the sugar.

What is the name of the bond between sugar and a base?

These nucleoside linkages are called phosphodiester bonds and are the same in RNA and DNA.

What are the components of a nucleic acid?

Each nucleotide consists of three components: a purine or pyrimidine nucleobase (sometimes termed nitrogenous base or simply base ), a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group which makes the molecule acidic.

Where are nucleic acids found?

Although first discovered within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, nucleic acids are now known to be found in all life forms including within bacteria, archaea, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and viruses (There is debate as to whether viruses are living or non-living ).

What is the substructure of a nucleobase?

The substructure consisting of a nucleobase plus sugar is termed a nucleoside. Nucleic acid types differ in the structure of the sugar in their nucleotides–DNA contains 2'- deoxyribose while RNA contains ribose (where the only difference is the presence of a hydroxyl group ).

What is the role of nucleic acid sequence in protein synthesis?

The encoded information is contained and conveyed via the nucleic acid sequence, which provides the 'ladder-step' ordering of nucleotides within the molecules of RNA and DNA. They play an especially important role in directing protein synthesis.

How is the sequence of amino acids in a protein read?

The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription.

What are the two main classes of nucleic acids?

The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). If the sugar is ribose, the polymer is RNA; if the sugar is the ribose derivative deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA. Nucleic acids are naturally occurring chemical compounds that serve as the primary information-carrying molecules in cells and makeup ...

How does DNA differ from RNA?

One DNA or RNA molecule differs from another primarily in the sequence of nucleotides. Nucleotide sequences are of great importance in biology since they carry the ultimate instructions that encode all biological molecules, molecular assemblies, subcellular and cellular structures, organs, and organisms, and directly enable cognition, memory, and behavior ( see Genetics ). Enormous efforts have gone into the development of experimental methods to determine the nucleotide sequence of biological DNA and RNA molecules, and today hundreds of millions of nucleotides are sequenced daily at genome centers and smaller laboratories worldwide. In addition to maintaining the GenBank nucleic acid sequence database, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) provides analysis and retrieval resources for the data in GenBank and other biological data made available through the NCBI web site.

What is a nucleic acid?

Typically, a nucleic acid is a large molecule made up of a string, or “polymer,” of units called “ nucleotides .”. All life on Earth uses nucleic acids as their medium for recording hereditary information – that is nucleic acids are the hard drives containing the essential blueprint or “source code” for making cells.

Where are nucleic acids found?

Nucleic acids have been found in meteorites from space, proving that these complex molecules can be formed by natural causes even in environments where there is no life. Some scientists have even suggested that such meteorites may have helped create the first self-replicating nucleic acid “life” on Earth.

How do nucleic acids differ?

Generally speaking, nucleic acids themselves differ in every organism based on the sequence of nucleotides within the nucleic acid. This sequence is “read” by cellular machinery to connect amino acids in the correct sequence, building complex protein molecules with specific functions.

How do nucleic acids store information?

Nucleic Acids Store Information Like Computer Code. By far the most important function of nucleic acids for living things is their role as carriers of information. Because nucleic acids can be created with four “bases,” and because “base pairing rules” allow information to be “copied” by using one strand of nucleic acids as a template ...

What is the name of the chain of nucleotides that stores genetic information?

A nucleic acid is a chain of nucleotides which stores genetic information in biological systems. It creates DNA and RNA, which store the information needed by cells to create proteins. This information is stored in multiple sets of three nucleotides, known as codons.

Why are scientists using nucleic acids?

In fact, scientists are using these molecules to build the basis of an “artificial life form”, which could maintain the artificial nucleic acid and extract information from it to build new proteins and survive. Generally speaking, nucleic acids themselves differ in every organism based on the sequence of nucleotides within the nucleic acid.

Why is DNA important to a cell?

Because the DNA source code is just as vital to a cell as your operating system is to your computer, DNA must be protected from potential damage. To transport DNA’s instructions to other parts of the cell, copies of its information are made using another type of nucleic acid – RNA. It’s these RNA copies of genetic information which are sent out ...

What is a nucleic acid?

Ans. A nucleic acid is a long-chain polymer made of monomeric units called nucleotides. A nucleotide, in turn, consists of three primary components. These are a phosphate group, a sugar molecule bonded to the phosphate group and a cyclic nitrogenous base.

What are the elements in nucleic acids?

Nucleic Acids Structure. These vital macromolecules are typically made of oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus and most importantly, carbon. They are long-chain polymers that consist of monomeric units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide comprises a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar and a specific nitrogen base. Image will be uploaded soon.

What are the macromolecules that store, encode, and transmit genetic information from one generation to another?

Ans. Nucleic acids can be defined as large macromolecules that store, encode and transmit genetic information from one generation to another. These vital macromolecules are typically made of oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus and most importantly, carbon. They are long-chain polymers that consist of monomeric units called nucleotides.

What is the source of all genetic information in living organisms?

These are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the primary genetic material that is the source of all genetic information in living organisms. From the smallest unicellular bacteria to multicellular animals such as elephants and human beings, each of these contains DNA in their cells.

Where is uracil found?

Note that uracil is found only in RNA while, thymine is present only in DNA. Through a combination of several processes that include protein synthesis using amino acids, the sequences of these nucleobases allow nucleic acids like DNA to store and encode the body's genetic information.

What is the DNA code?

The loss of nucleic acids, or DNA in cells, can be the cause for mutation and a variety of other diseases. DNA is a vital part of the fingerprinting method employed by forensic experts.

What are the bases found in DNA?

β-D-2-deoxyribose is the sugar molecule present in DNA molecules. The cyclic nitrogen bases found in DNA are adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine.

image

Overview

Nucleic acids are biopolymers, macromolecules, essential to all known forms of life. They are composed of nucleotides, which are the monomers made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). If the sugar is ribose, the polymer is RNA; if the sugar is th…

History

• Nucleic acid was first discovered by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 at the University of Tübingen, Germany. He gave its first name as nuclein.
• In the early 1880s Albrecht Kossel further purified the substance and discovered its highly acidic properties. He later also identified the nucleobases.

Occurrence and nomenclature

The term nucleic acid is the overall name for DNA and RNA, members of a family of biopolymers, and is synonymous with polynucleotide. Nucleic acids were named for their initial discovery within the nucleus, and for the presence of phosphate groups (related to phosphoric acid). Although first discovered within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, nucleic acids are now known to be found in all life forms including within bacteria, archaea, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and viruses (There is debate a…

Molecular composition and size

Nucleic acids are generally very large molecules. Indeed, DNA molecules are probably the largest individual molecules known. Well-studied biological nucleic acid molecules range in size from 21 nucleotides (small interfering RNA) to large chromosomes (human chromosome 1 is a single molecule that contains 247 million base pairs ).
In most cases, naturally occurring DNA molecules are double-stranded and RNA molecules are si…

Topology

Double-stranded nucleic acids are made up of complementary sequences, in which extensive Watson-Crick base pairing results in a highly repeated and quite uniform Nucleic acid double-helical three-dimensional structure. In contrast, single-stranded RNA and DNA molecules are not constrained to a regular double helix, and can adopt highly complex three-dimensional structures that are based on short stretches of intramolecular base-paired sequences including both Wats…

Sequences

One DNA or RNA molecule differs from another primarily in the sequence of nucleotides. Nucleotide sequences are of great importance in biology since they carry the ultimate instructions that encode all biological molecules, molecular assemblies, subcellular and cellular structures, organs, and organisms, and directly enable cognition, memory, and behavior. Enormous efforts have gone into the development of experimental methods to determine the nucleotide sequenc…

Types

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid containing the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. The DNA segments carrying this genetic information are called genes. Likewise, other DNA sequences have structural purposes or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information. Along with RNA and proteins, DNA is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life. DNA consi…

See also

• Comparison of nucleic acid simulation software
• History of biochemistry
• History of molecular biology
• History of RNA biology – Aspect of history of a biological field of study

Nucleic Acids Structure

  • These vital macromolecules are typically made of oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, and most importantly, carbon. They are long-chain polymers that consist of monomeric units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide comprises a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a specific nitrogen base. (Image will be uploaded soon) In a nucleotide, if the sug...
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Pop Quiz 1

  1. Which of these is a sugar group present in DNA?
  2. Ribose
  3. Thymine
  4. Deoxyribose
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Nucleic Acids Types

  • As we mentioned earlier, there are two major types of nucleic acids commonly found in living organisms. These are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the primary genetic material that is the source of all genetic information in living organisms. From the smallest unicellular bacteria to multicellular animals such as elephants and human beings, each …
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DNA Nucleic Acid

  1. In combination with histone proteins, DNA forms a chemical complexcalled chromatin in the cells of eukaryotic organisms.
  2. This, however, does not occur in prokaryotes.
  3. Each chromosome of a living organism is a repository of thousands of hundreds of genes, dictating the organism’s identity, behavior, habit, and other functions.
  1. In combination with histone proteins, DNA forms a chemical complexcalled chromatin in the cells of eukaryotic organisms.
  2. This, however, does not occur in prokaryotes.
  3. Each chromosome of a living organism is a repository of thousands of hundreds of genes, dictating the organism’s identity, behavior, habit, and other functions.
  4. Most genes contain the information that can code for protein products in the body. Some of these can also code for RNA products.
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Structure of DNA

  1. DNA consists of a double helix backbone made of two chains of polynucleotides.
  2. This double helix consists of two DNA strands, running parallel to each other.
  3. There exist hydrogen bonds between the helices, while the bases are contained in bundles within the helix.
  4. DNA is negatively charged, owing to the presence of phosphate groups.
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Structure of RNA

  • RNA, in eukaryotic cells, mostly participates in the synthesis of proteins and translation and transcription of genetic code. During transcription and protein synthesis, DNA molecules use an intermediate messenger RNA, also called mRNA to communicate with the entire cellular machinery, without leaving its place of origin. There are several other types of RNA that participa…
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Nucleic Acids Function

  1. The DNA never leaves its place of origin but uses the RNA to act as an intermediate to communicate with the rest of the cell.
  2. This intermediate mRNA enters the nucleus of the cell during the synthesis of proteins, and bonds with one of the DNA strands.
  3. The sequence of nitrogen bases in DNA is oppositeNucleic acids, mainly DNA and RNA, play …
  1. The DNA never leaves its place of origin but uses the RNA to act as an intermediate to communicate with the rest of the cell.
  2. This intermediate mRNA enters the nucleus of the cell during the synthesis of proteins, and bonds with one of the DNA strands.
  3. The sequence of nitrogen bases in DNA is oppositeNucleic acids, mainly DNA and RNA, play an essential role in the bodies of living organisms. The functions performed by these are as follows:
  4. Nucleic acids help synthesize proteins in the body.
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Molecular Biology

  • Molecular biology is the study of biological and chemical changes in and between cells. The field of molecular biology is very much focused on the nucleic acids and other macro and micro molecules that affect life processes. The living things on earth are also made up of complex chemicals just how the non-living things are. The molecular biologist works on figuring out how …
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Biochemistry

  • Biochemistry is the study of chemicals in organisms. It focuses more on the molecules and nucleic acid rather than the proteins. Additionally, biochemistry also involves the study of chemicals when present in large quantities.
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Genetics

  • Genetics is all about the study of heredity, the genes’ structure, and how it changes in the species. To understand the hereditary traits, it has to be studied on a large scale, almost on the population level, thus making it a larger scale field than molecular biology.
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        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 2025-06-18 04:03:08
        • 1. what-are-nucleic-acids
        Backtrace
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        • 19. Route binding:39
        • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:167
        • 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:78
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        Metadata
        Bindings
        • 0. 65378
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        Backtrace
        • 19. middleware::checkdate:30
        • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:167
        • 21. /vendor/laravel/jetstream/src/Http/Middleware/ShareInertiaData.php:61
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        Metadata
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        • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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        • 27. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
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        Metadata
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        • 15. /app/View/Composers/SidebarView.php:12
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