Who was the Pope when he died?
Birth name. Johannes. Born. Rome, Papal States. Died. December 935. Rome, Papal States. Pope John XI ( Latin: Ioannes XI; died December 935) was the bishop of Rome and nominal ruler of the Papal States from March 931 to his death. The true ruler of Rome at the time was his mother, Marozia, followed by his brother Alberic II.
Who was John the son of?
John was the son of Marozia, the most powerful woman in Rome and the wife of Alberic I at the time of John's birth. According to Liutprand of Cremona and the Liber Pontificalis, John's father was not Alberic but Marozia's lover Pope Sergius III. Ferdinand Gregorovius, Ernst Dümmler, Thomas Greenwood, Philip Schaff, and Rudolf Baxmann accept Liutprand's account. Horace Kinder Mann considers this story "highly doubtful", highlighting Liutprand's bias. Reginald L. Poole, Peter Llewelyn, Karl Josef von Hefele, August Friedrich Gfrörer, Ludovico Antonio Muratori, and Francis Patrick Kenrick also maintain that Pope John XI was sired by Alberic I of Spoleto.
Who was the Patriarch of Constantinople?
All other jurisdiction was exercised through Alberic II. This was not only the case in secular, but also in ecclesiastical affairs. At the insistence of Alberic II, the pallium was given to Patriarch Theophylactus of Constantinople (935), and also to Archbishop Artold of Reims (933).
Who was the de facto ruler of Rome at the time?
Marozia was the de facto ruler of Rome at the time, and procured John's appointment to the papacy. This period is known as Saeculum obscurum. After the overthrow of Marozia around 932, John XI fell under the control of his brother Alberic II.
Orígenes y formación
Nacido Jacques Duèze, era hijo de un zapatero de la localidad francesa de Cahors, donde hizo sus primeros estudios, posiblemente con los dominicos de dicha población.
Carrera eclesiástica
Inició su carrera en la Iglesia como arcipreste de Cahors para, posteriormente, ser nombrado obispo de Fréjus en 1300, bajo las recomendaciones de Carlos II de Anjou, rey de Nápoles.
Pontificado
Su elección como papa se produjo el 7 de agosto de 1316, tras un interregno de casi dos años en el que el trono de San Pedro permaneció vacante debido a la división existente en el cónclave reunido en Carpentras donde los cardenales, divididos en tres facciones de italianos, gascones y franceses, proponían tres candidatos diferentes. [ 3 ]
Fallecimiento
Falleció el 4 de diciembre de 1334, después de dieciocho años de pontificado. La causa de su fallecimiento es desconocida. Fue sepultado en la catedral de Aviñón en un magnífico mausoleo gótico, destruido en la época de la Revolución francesa. [ 7 ]
Juan XXII en la literatura
Dante, en la Divina Comedia, cita dos veces a Juan XXII en el cántico del Paraíso. (Dante Alighieri, Divina Commedia, Par., XVIII, 130-136; y XXVII, 58-60).
Who was the Holy Roman Emperor before John XXII?
Prior to John XXII's election, a contest had begun for the Holy Roman Empire's crown between Louis IV of Bavaria and Frederick I of Austria. John XXII was neutral at first, but in 1323, when Louis IV became Holy Roman Emperor, the Guelph (papal) party and the Ghibelline (imperial) party quarreled, which was partly provoked by John XXII's extreme claims of authority over the empire and partly by Louis IV 's support of the spiritual Franciscans, whom John XXII condemned in the Papal bull Quorumdam exigit. Louis IV was assisted in his doctrinal dispute with the papacy by Marsilius of Padua and later by the English Franciscan friar and scholar William of Ockham. Louis IV invaded Italy, entered Rome and set up Pietro Rainalducci as Antipope Nicholas V in 1328. The project was a fiasco. Guelphic predominance at Rome was later restored, and Pope John excommunicated William of Ockham. However, Louis IV had silenced the papal claims and John XXII stayed the rest of his life in Avignon.
What did Pope John XXII believe about the spirituals?
Pope John XXII was determined to suppress what he considered to be the excesses of the Spirituals, who contended eagerly for the view that Christ and his apostles had possessed absolutely nothing, citing Pope Nicholas III 's bull Exiit qui seminat in support of their view. In 1317, John XXII formally condemned the group of them known as the Fraticelli. On 26 March 1322, with Quia nonnunquam, he removed the ban on discussion of Exiit qui seminat and commissioned experts to examine the idea of poverty based on belief that Christ and the apostles owned nothing. The experts disagreed among themselves, but the majority condemned the idea on the grounds that it would condemn the Church's right to have possessions. The Franciscan chapter held in Perugia in May 1322 declared on the contrary: "To say or assert that Christ, in showing the way of perfection, and the Apostles, in following that way and setting an example to others who wished to lead the perfect life, possessed nothing either severally or in common, either by right of ownership and dominium or by personal right, we corporately and unanimously declare to be not heretical, but true and catholic." By the bull Ad conditorem canonum of 8 December 1322, John XXII declared it ridiculous to pretend that every scrap of food given to the friars and eaten by them belonged to the pope, refused to accept ownership over the goods of the Franciscans in future and granted them exemption from the rule that absolutely forbade ownership of anything even in common, thus forcing them to accept ownership. On 12 November 1323, he issued the bull Quum inter nonnullos, which declared "erroneous and heretical" the doctrine that Christ and his apostles had no possessions whatsoever.
Why did John XXII participate in the political and religious movements of many European countries?
John XXII involved himself in the politics and religious movements of many European countries in order to advance the interests of the Church. His close links with the French crown created widespread distrust of the papacy.
Who was the Pope who opposed the Franciscan view of the poverty of Christ?
Pope John XXII faced controversy in theology involving his views on the Beatific Vision, and he opposed the Franciscan understanding of the poverty of Christ and his apostles, famously leading William of Ockham to write against unlimited papal power. He canonized St. Thomas Aquinas .
Who was the Pope of Avignon?
Pope John XXII. Pope John XXII ( Latin: Ioannes PP. XXII; 1244 – 4 December 1334 ), born Jacques Duèze (or d'Euse ), was head of the Catholic Church from 7 August 1316 to his death in 1334. He was the second and longest-reigning Avignon Pope, elected by the Conclave of Cardinals, which was assembled in Lyon through the work ...
Who was the Pope who sent a letter of thanks to the Muslim ruler Uzbeg Khan?
Coin of John XXII. Pope John XXII was an excellent administrator and efficient at reorganizing the Church. He had sent a letter of thanks to the Muslim ruler Uzbeg Khan, who was very tolerant of Christians and treated Christians kindly.
Who was the Antipope of Rome?
Louis IV invaded Italy, entered Rome and set up Pietro Rainalducci as Antipope Nicholas V in 1328. The project was a fiasco. Guelphic predominance at Rome was later restored, and Pope John excommunicated William of Ockham.