What are the 4 types of nucleic acids?
how can proteins recognize specific sequences in double-helix nucleic acids? Specifically, they considered the unique identification of the four possible base pairs A•U(T), U(T)•A, G•C and C•G by protein side chains. Seeman and colleagues correctly ...
What are the components of nucleic acid?
Nucleotides
- Nitrogenous bases. The nitrogenous bases of nucleotides are organic (carbon-based) molecules made up of nitrogen-containing ring structures.
- Sugars. In addition to having slightly different sets of bases, DNA and RNA nucleotides also have slightly different sugars.
- Phosphate. ...
How do you identify nucleic acids?
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What are nucleic acids used for?
Nucleic acid amplification technologies are used for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of chronic and infectious diseases. The nucleic acid amplification is one of the important tool for wide aspects of life science technologies including, clinical medicine ...
What are nucleic acids?
Nucleic acids are naturally occurring chemical compounds that serve as the primary information-carrying molecules in cells. They play an especially...
What is the basic structure of a nucleic acid?
Nucleic acids are long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of...
What nitrogen-containing bases occur in nucleic acids?
Each nucleic acid contains four of five possible nitrogen-containing bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U). A...
When were nucleic acids discovered?
Nucleic acids were discovered in 1869 by Swiss biochemist Friedrich Miescher.
What are the elements of a nucleic acid?
Nucleic Acid Elements and Monomer. Nucleic acids are biocompounds, which are essential for living organisms. Found in two forms— deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)—these polymer chains are composed of the same basic elements and similar monomer nucleotides, yet with specific differences relating to form and function.
What are the elements that make up a nucleic acid chain?
The five elements necessary to construct a nucleic acid chain are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The addition of phosphorus makes nucleic acid different to other categories of biocompounds, namely carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
What is the backbone of sugar phosphate?
The combination of ribose or deoxyribose and phosphate group forms the sugar-phosphate backbone. The nitrogenous base is attached to the sugar molecule. The addition of a phosphate group to the nucleoside created by sugar and nitrogenous base forms a nucleotide.
What pairs with uracil and guanine?
In RNA, adenine pairs with uracil and guanine with cytosine. The following images show the chemical structure of each type of monomer, where the pentagonal shape of the monosaccharide and its attached phosphate group and specific nucleobase are clearly defined.
How many elements are in a nucleic acid polymer?
Nucleic Acid Elements. Each nucleotide monomer, and therefore each nucleic acid polymer, is composed of a group of five elements. These elements bind to form monosaccharides, phosphate groups, and nucleobases, otherwise known as nitrogenous bases. In both RNA and DNA the phosphate group is the same form, but there are differences in ...
How many nitrogen atoms are in a single ringed form of DNA?
Single ringed forms, known as pyrimidines, contain between two and three nitrogen atoms and are smaller and shorter. This is important in the double-strand feature of DNA and the process of translation, as only certain pairings of nitrogenous bases are possible (Watson-Crick pairings).
Can adenine and guanine bond?
This also tells us that adenine and guanine cannot create a double-strand bond together. In RNA, other base combinations are possible and are known as non-Watson-Crick pairings. In Watson-Crick pairings, larger bases, adenine, and guanine will never pair with each other.
What are the components of a nucleic acid?
Each nucleotide consists of three components: a purine or pyrimidine nucleobase (sometimes termed nitrogenous base or simply base ), a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group which makes the molecule acidic.
What are the two main classes of nucleic acids?
The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). If the sugar is ribose, the polymer is RNA; if the sugar is the ribose derivative deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA. Nucleic acids are naturally occurring chemical compounds that serve as the primary information-carrying molecules in cells and makeup ...
What is the substructure of a nucleobase?
The substructure consisting of a nucleobase plus sugar is termed a nucleoside. Nucleic acid types differ in the structure of the sugar in their nucleotides–DNA contains 2'- deoxyribose while RNA contains ribose (where the only difference is the presence of a hydroxyl group ).
What is the role of nucleic acid sequence in protein synthesis?
The encoded information is contained and conveyed via the nucleic acid sequence, which provides the 'ladder-step' ordering of nucleotides within the molecules of RNA and DNA. They play an especially important role in directing protein synthesis.
How is the sequence of amino acids in a protein read?
The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription.
How does DNA differ from RNA?
One DNA or RNA molecule differs from another primarily in the sequence of nucleotides. Nucleotide sequences are of great importance in biology since they carry the ultimate instructions that encode all biological molecules, molecular assemblies, subcellular and cellular structures, organs, and organisms, and directly enable cognition, memory, and behavior ( see Genetics ). Enormous efforts have gone into the development of experimental methods to determine the nucleotide sequence of biological DNA and RNA molecules, and today hundreds of millions of nucleotides are sequenced daily at genome centers and smaller laboratories worldwide. In addition to maintaining the GenBank nucleic acid sequence database, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) provides analysis and retrieval resources for the data in GenBank and other biological data made available through the NCBI web site.
What is the name of the DNA and RNA?
The term nucleic acid is the overall name for DNA and RNA, members of a family of biopolymers, and is synonymous with polynucleotide. Nucleic acids were named for their initial discovery within the nucleus, and for the presence of phosphate groups (related to phosphoric acid). Although first discovered within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, ...
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?
Nucleic acids are long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogen-containing aromatic base attached to a pentose (five-carbon) sugar, which is in turn attached to a phosphate group.
What are the two classes of nucleic acids?
They play an especially important role in directing protein synthesis. The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) and ribonucleic acid ( RNA ).
How are nucleotides synthesized?
The ribose phosphate portion of both purine and pyrimidine nucleotides is synthesized from glucose via the pentose phosphate pathway. The six-atom pyrimidine ring is synthesized first and subsequently attached to the ribose phosphate. The two rings in purines are synthesized while attached to the ribose phosphate during the assembly of adenine or guanine nucleosides. In both cases the end product is a nucleotide carrying a phosphate attached to the 5′ carbon on the sugar. Finally, a specialized enzyme called a kinase adds two phosphate groups using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as the phosphate donor to form ribonucleoside triphosphate, the immediate precursor of RNA. For DNA, the 2′-hydroxyl group is removed from the ribonucleoside diphosphate to give deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate. An additional phosphate group from ATP is then added by another kinase to form a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, the immediate precursor of DNA.
What is the chemical compound that is capable of being broken down to yield phosphoric acid, sugars, and
Nucleic acid, naturally occurring chemical compound that is capable of being broken down to yield phosphoric acid, sugars, and a mixture of organic bases (purines and pyrimidines). Nucleic acids are the main information-carrying molecules of the cell, and, by directing the process of protein synthesis, they determine the inherited characteristics ...
What are the bases of nucleotides?
Each nucleic acid contains four of five possible nitrogen-containing base s: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U). A and G are categorized as purines, and C, T, and ...
What are the two rings in purines?
The two rings in purines are synthesized while attached to the ribose phosphate during the assembly of adenine or guanine nucleosides . In both cases the end product is a nucleotide carrying a phosphate attached to the 5′ carbon on the sugar.
What is the name of the bond between sugar and a base?
These nucleoside linkages are called phosphodiester bonds and are the same in RNA and DNA.
What is a nucleic acid?
Typically, a nucleic acid is a large molecule made up of a string, or “polymer,” of units called “ nucleotides .”. All life on Earth uses nucleic acids as their medium for recording hereditary information – that is nucleic acids are the hard drives containing the essential blueprint or “source code” for making cells.
Where are nucleic acids found?
Nucleic acids have been found in meteorites from space, proving that these complex molecules can be formed by natural causes even in environments where there is no life. Some scientists have even suggested that such meteorites may have helped create the first self-replicating nucleic acid “life” on Earth.
How do nucleic acids differ?
Generally speaking, nucleic acids themselves differ in every organism based on the sequence of nucleotides within the nucleic acid. This sequence is “read” by cellular machinery to connect amino acids in the correct sequence, building complex protein molecules with specific functions.
How do nucleic acids store information?
Nucleic Acids Store Information Like Computer Code. By far the most important function of nucleic acids for living things is their role as carriers of information. Because nucleic acids can be created with four “bases,” and because “base pairing rules” allow information to be “copied” by using one strand of nucleic acids as a template ...
What is the name of the chain of nucleotides that stores genetic information?
A nucleic acid is a chain of nucleotides which stores genetic information in biological systems. It creates DNA and RNA, which store the information needed by cells to create proteins. This information is stored in multiple sets of three nucleotides, known as codons.
Why are scientists using nucleic acids?
In fact, scientists are using these molecules to build the basis of an “artificial life form”, which could maintain the artificial nucleic acid and extract information from it to build new proteins and survive. Generally speaking, nucleic acids themselves differ in every organism based on the sequence of nucleotides within the nucleic acid.
Why is DNA important to a cell?
Because the DNA source code is just as vital to a cell as your operating system is to your computer, DNA must be protected from potential damage. To transport DNA’s instructions to other parts of the cell, copies of its information are made using another type of nucleic acid – RNA. It’s these RNA copies of genetic information which are sent out ...
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
Nucleic acids, macromolecules made out of units called nucleotides, come in two naturally occurring varieties: deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) and ribonucleic acid ( RNA ). DNA is the genetic material found in living organisms, all the way from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals like you and me.
What is the role of nucleic acids in life?
Nucleic acids, and DNA in particular, are key macromolecules for the continuity of life. DNA bears the hereditary information that’s passed on from parents to children, providing instructions for how (and when) to make the many proteins needed to build and maintain functioning cells, tissues, and organisms.
What are the four nitrogen bases in DNA?
Each nucleotide in DNA contains one of four possible nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G) cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Adenine and guanine are purines, meaning that their structures contain two fused carbon-nitrogen rings. Cytosine and thymine, in contrast, are pyrimidines and have a single carbon-nitrogen ring.
What is the name of the polymer that makes up DNA?
Nucleotides. DNA and RNA are polymers (in the case of DNA, often very long polymers), and are made up of monomers known as nucleotides. When these monomers combine, the resulting chain is called a polynucleotide ( poly- = "many").
What are the components of DNA and RNA?
Image of the components of DNA and RNA, including the sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. Bases include the pyrimidine bases (cytosine, thymine in DNA, and uracil in RNA, one ring) and the purine bases (adenine and guanine, two rings). The phosphate group is attached to the 5' carbon.
What is the sugar in DNA?
These two are very similar in structure, with just one difference: the second carbon of ribose bears a hydroxyl group, while the equivalent carbon of deoxyribose has a hydrogen instead.
What type of RNA is used to make proteins?
Before this information can be used for protein synthesis, however, an RNA copy (transcript) of the gene must first be made. This type of RNA is called a messenger RNA ( mRNA ), as it serves as a messenger between DNA and the ribosomes, molecular machines that read mRNA sequences and use them to build proteins.
Table of Contents
From television programs to newspapers and magazines, we get diet advice on how to prepare and eat balanced meals. A balanced meal is a snapshot of a diet that covers the three core food groups - Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids. Along with nucleic acids, they also comprise a group called biological macromolecules.
Protein Elements
Proteins are organic molecules composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen (CHON). Proteins are created by linking together amino acids into protein links called polypeptide chains. Amino acids consist of the following elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and, sometimes, sulfur and selenium.
Carbohydrate Elements
Carbohydrates represent a broad group of substances that include sugars, starches, gums, and celluloses. Carbohydrates contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrate molecules is 1:2:1.
Lipids Elements
Lipids are a group of structurally and functionally diverse organic compounds that are insoluble in water. Lipids are mainly composed of hydrocarbons and contain the same elements as carbohydrates: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C, H, and O). However, lipids contain fewer polar hydroxyl groups (-OH).
Identification of Biological Molecules from Growing Bacterial Cells
In this activity, you will use your knowledge of the four different classes of macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids) to make predictions for the outcomes of an experiment in which bacterial cells are grown in nutrient broth in which the common isotope of carbon, hydrogen, phosphate or sulfur is replaced with the radioactive isotope (radioisotope) of that element..
Nucleic acids benefits
Despite limited research, proponents claim that foods rich in nucleic acids can offer a variety of benefits — from a stronger immune system to improved digestion and quicker muscle recovery ( 2 ).
1. Meat
At 1.5–8 grams of nucleic acids per 3.5 ounces (100 grams), meat is considered one of the foods richest in these compounds ( 2, 3 ).
2. Fish
Fish is another rich source of nucleic acids. Like meat, fish is thought to provide 1.5–8 grams of nucleic acid per 3.5 ounces (100 grams) ( 3 ).
3. Seafood
Seafood can be split into two categories. Both categories provide a significant, albeit smaller, source of nucleic acids than meat and fish. These include:
4–6. Beans, peas, and lentils
Beans, lentils, and peas are other interesting sources of nucleic acids. Vegans and vegetarians can still get the benefits of nucleic acids in their diets with legumes.
7. Mushrooms
Most vegetables contain very few nucleic acids. Mushrooms may be the sole exception.
The bottom line
Nucleic acids are found in all living things, including the foods you eat.
Overview
Nucleic acids are biopolymers, macromolecules, essential to all known forms of life. They are composed of nucleotides, which are the monomers made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). If the sugar is ribose, the polymer is RNA; if the sugar is the ribose derivative deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA.
History
• Nucleic acid was first discovered by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 at the University of Tübingen, Germany. He gave its first name as nuclein.
• In the early 1880s Albrecht Kossel further purified the substance and discovered its highly acidic properties. He later also identified the nucleobases.
Occurrence and nomenclature
The term nucleic acid is the overall name for DNA and RNA, members of a family of biopolymers, and is synonymous with polynucleotide. Nucleic acids were named for their initial discovery within the nucleus, and for the presence of phosphate groups (related to phosphoric acid). Although first discovered within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, nucleic acids are now known to be found in all life forms including within bacteria, archaea, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and viruses (There is debate as to whether viruses are living or non-living). All living ce…
Molecular composition and size
Nucleic acids are generally very large molecules. Indeed, DNA molecules are probably the largest individual molecules known. Well-studied biological nucleic acid molecules range in size from 21 nucleotides (small interfering RNA) to large chromosomes (human chromosome 1 is a single molecule that contains 247 million base pairs ).
In most cases, naturally occurring DNA molecules are double-stranded and RNA molecules are single-stranded. T…
Topology
Double-stranded nucleic acids are made up of complementary sequences, in which extensive Watson-Crick base pairing results in a highly repeated and quite uniform Nucleic acid double-helical three-dimensional structure. In contrast, single-stranded RNA and DNA molecules are not constrained to a regular double helix, and can adopt highly complex three-dimensional structures that are based on short stretches of intramolecular base-paired sequences including both Watson-Crick and noncanonical base pairs, and a wide range of complex tertiary inter…
Sequences
One DNA or RNA molecule differs from another primarily in the sequence of nucleotides. Nucleotide sequences are of great importance in biology since they carry the ultimate instructions that encode all biological molecules, molecular assemblies, subcellular and cellular structures, organs, and organisms, and directly enable cognition, memory, and behavior. Enormous efforts have gone into the development of experimental methods to determine the nucleotide sequence of biological DNA and RNA molecules, and today hundreds of millions of nucleotides are
Types
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid containing the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. The DNA segments carrying this genetic information are called genes. Likewise, other DNA sequences have structural purposes or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information. Along with RNA and proteins, DNA is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life. DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides, with backbones mad…
See also
• Comparison of nucleic acid simulation software
• History of biochemistry
• History of molecular biology
• History of RNA biology – Aspect of history of a biological field of study