Receiving Helpdesk

linear exponential family

by Damion Gerlach Sr. Published 3 years ago Updated 3 years ago

5.4 The linear exponential family A large parametric family that includes many of the distributions of interest to actuaries has special use in Bayesian analysis (Section 15.3) and in credibility (Section 18.7). The definition is as follows.

A large parametric family that includes many of the distributions of interest to actuaries has special use in Bayesian analysis (Section 15.3) and in credibility (Section 18.7). The definition is as follows.

Full Answer

What is the difference between linear and exponential models?

  • It is its own derivative d/dx (e^x)= e^x
  • It is also its own integral
  • It exceeds the value of any finite polynomial in x as x->infinity
  • It is continuous and differential from -infinity to +infinity
  • It's series representation is: e^x= 1 +x +x^2/2! + x^3/3! ...
  • e^ix=cosx + isinx
  • It is the natural solution of the basic diff.eq. ...

What is exponential family?

Interpretation

  • T(x) is a sufficient statistic of the distribution. ...
  • η is called the natural parameter. ...
  • A(η) is called the log- partition function because it is the logarithm of a normalization factor, without which f X ( x ; θ ) {\displaystyle f_ {X} (x;\theta )} ...

What is the difference between a linear and exponential graph?

  • If the value decreased linearly, what was its annual rate of decrease?
  • If the value decreased exponentially, what was its annual decay factor? What was its annual percent depreciation?
  • Calculate the value of your car when it is 5 5 years old under each assumption, linear or exponential depreciation.

Is Weibull distribution an exponential family?

This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet. A three parameter probability model, the so called Weibull-exponential distribution was proposed using the Weibull Generalized family of distributions. Some important models in the literature were found to be sub models of the new model.

What is a regular exponential family?

Exponential families have sufficient statistics that can summarize arbitrary amounts of independent identically distributed data using a fixed number of values. Exponential families have conjugate priors, an important property in Bayesian statistics.

How do you show a distribution is an exponential family?

0:017:53Normal distribution: in the exponential family - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipCase here for simplicity one over the square root of 2 Pi Sigma squared times the exponential ofMoreCase here for simplicity one over the square root of 2 Pi Sigma squared times the exponential of minus X minus mu to be squared. Over 2 Sigma squared.

How do you show Poisson is an exponential family?

Page 4CHAPTER 8. THE EXPONENTIAL FAMILY: BASICS. Thus the Poisson distribution is an exponential family distribution, with:η = log λ (8.14)T(x) = x. (8.15)A(η) = λ = eη (8.16)h(x) = ... x! .(8.17) Moreover, we can obviously invert the relationship between η and λ:λ = eη. (8.18)More items...

Is gamma an exponential family?

The gamma distribution is a two-parameter exponential family with natural parameters k − 1 and −1/θ (equivalently, α − 1 and −β), and natural statistics X and ln(X). If the shape parameter k is held fixed, the resulting one-parameter family of distributions is a natural exponential family.

Is Rayleigh distribution an exponential family?

For selected values of the scale parameter, run the simulation 1000 times and compare the empirical density function to the true density function. Finally, the Rayleigh distribution is a member of the general exponential family.10-Aug-2020

Is Beta exponential family?

The family of beta(α,β) distributions is an exponential family.

Is multinomial exponential family?

One example of exponential family is multinomial distribution. For given data x = (x1,x2, ..., xk) , xi ∼ Multi(1, πi ) and Σ πi = 1, we can write the probability of the data as follows.

Is Laplace distribution exponential family?

The Laplace distribution is also a member of the general exponential family of distributions. Suppose that X has the Laplace distribution with known location parameter a∈R and unspecified scale parameter b∈(0,∞).02-Feb-2021

Is exponential family convex?

The cumulant function of an exponential family is a lower semicontinuous proper convex function.23-Jan-2013

What is curved exponential family?

Curved exponential families are a subset of the class of exponential families where the dimension of the parameter space does not match the dimension of the exponential family.04-Mar-2019

Is lognormal and exponential family?

The lognormal and Beta distribution are in the exponential family, but not the natural exponential family.

Is uniform distribution an exponential family?

The uniform(0,θ) family is not an exponential family since the support Yθ = (0,θ) depends on the unknown parameter θ.

EXAMPLE 5.11

Show that the normal distribution is a member of the linear exponential family.

EXAMPLE 5.12

Show that the gamma distribution is a member of the linear exponential family.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
8.3.21PHP Version1.26sRequest Duration2MBMemory UsageGET {post}Route
  • warninglog[14:58:31] LOG.warning: Creation of dynamic property Barryvdh\Debugbar\DataFormatter\QueryFormatter:...
  • warninglog[14:58:31] LOG.warning: Creation of dynamic property Barryvdh\Debugbar\DataFormatter\QueryFormatter:...
  • warninglog[14:58:31] LOG.warning: Callables of the form ["Swift_SmtpTransport", "Swift_Transport_EsmtpTranspor...
  • warninglog[14:58:31] LOG.warning: Creation of dynamic property Barryvdh\Debugbar\DataFormatter\SimpleFormatter...
  • warninglog[14:58:31] LOG.warning: Creation of dynamic property Barryvdh\Debugbar\DataFormatter\SimpleFormatter...
  • warninglog[14:58:31] LOG.warning: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprec...
  • warninglog[14:58:31] LOG.warning: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprec...
  • warninglog[14:58:31] LOG.warning: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprec...
  • warninglog[14:58:31] LOG.warning: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprec...
  • warninglog[14:58:31] LOG.warning: json_decode(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($json) of type string is deprec...
  • warninglog[14:58:31] LOG.warning: mt_rand(): Passing null to parameter #2 ($max) of type int is deprecated in ...
  • Booting (10.93ms)
  • Application (1.25s)
  • 1 x Application (99.11%)
    1.25s
    1 x Booting (0.87%)
    10.93ms
    7 templates were rendered
    • themes.DevBlog.content.post (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/content/post.blade.php)34blade
      Params
      0
      post
      1
      postContent
      2
      author
      3
      updated_at
      4
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      5
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      6
      bing_related_keywords
      7
      google_related_keywords
      8
      bing_news_title
      9
      bing_news_description
      10
      bing_videos
      11
      bing_images
      12
      bing_search_result_title
      13
      bing_search_result_description
      14
      bing_search_result_url
      15
      bing_paa_questions
      16
      bing_paa_answers
      17
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      18
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      19
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      20
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      21
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      22
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      23
      google_faq_questions
      24
      google_faq_answers
      25
      google_rich_snippet
      26
      google_search_result
      27
      indexedArray
      28
      total_images
      29
      total_videos
      30
      settings
      31
      url_current
      32
      menus
      33
      sidebar
    • themes.DevBlog.layouts.master (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/layouts/master.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    • themes.DevBlog.panels.head (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/panels/head.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    • themes.DevBlog.panels.header (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/panels/header.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    • themes.DevBlog.panels.navbar (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/panels/navbar.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    • themes.DevBlog.panels.footer (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/panels/footer.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    • themes.DevBlog.panels.scripts (resources/views/themes/DevBlog/panels/scripts.blade.php)41blade
      Params
      0
      __env
      1
      app
      2
      errors
      3
      post
      4
      postContent
      5
      author
      6
      updated_at
      7
      bing_rich_snippet_text
      8
      bing_rich_snippet_link
      9
      bing_related_keywords
      10
      google_related_keywords
      11
      bing_news_title
      12
      bing_news_description
      13
      bing_videos
      14
      bing_images
      15
      bing_search_result_title
      16
      bing_search_result_description
      17
      bing_search_result_url
      18
      bing_paa_questions
      19
      bing_paa_answers
      20
      bing_slider_faq_questions
      21
      bing_slider_faq_answers
      22
      bing_pop_faq_questions
      23
      bing_pop_faq_answers
      24
      bing_tab_faq_questions
      25
      bing_tab_faq_answers
      26
      google_faq_questions
      27
      google_faq_answers
      28
      google_rich_snippet
      29
      google_search_result
      30
      indexedArray
      31
      total_images
      32
      total_videos
      33
      settings
      34
      url_current
      35
      menus
      36
      sidebar
      37
      i
      38
      __currentLoopData
      39
      loop
      40
      item
    uri
    GET {post}
    middleware
    web, checkdate
    as
    post.show
    controller
    App\Http\Controllers\Frontend\json_data\PostController@show
    namespace
    where
    file
    app/Http/Controllers/Frontend/json_data/PostController.php:18-166
    7 statements were executed1.23s
    • select * from `posts` where `published_at` <= '2025-06-26 14:58:31' and `slug` = 'linear-exponential-family' and `posts`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
      4.06ms/app/Providers/RouteServiceProvider.php:54receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. 2025-06-26 14:58:31
      • 1. linear-exponential-family
      Backtrace
      • 15. /app/Providers/RouteServiceProvider.php:54
      • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Router.php:842
      • 19. Route binding:39
      • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:167
      • 21. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Http/Middleware/VerifyCsrfToken.php:78
    • select * from `json_post_contents` where `json_post_contents`.`post_id` = 113541 and `json_post_contents`.`post_id` is not null and `rewrite_id` = 0
      4.59msmiddleware::checkdate:30receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. 113541
      • 1. 0
      Backtrace
      • 19. middleware::checkdate:30
      • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:167
      • 21. /vendor/laravel/jetstream/src/Http/Middleware/ShareInertiaData.php:61
      • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Pipeline/Pipeline.php:167
      • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Middleware/SubstituteBindings.php:50
    • select * from `nova_menu_menus` where `slug` = 'header' limit 1
      480μs/vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/helpers.php:32receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. header
      Backtrace
      • 15. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/helpers.php:32
      • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 18. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
      • 19. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:261
      • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
    • select * from `nova_menu_menu_items` where `nova_menu_menu_items`.`menu_id` = 1 and `nova_menu_menu_items`.`menu_id` is not null and `parent_id` is null order by `parent_id` asc, `order` asc, `name` asc
      780μs/vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/Models/Menu.php:35receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. 1
      Backtrace
      • 19. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/Models/Menu.php:35
      • 20. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/helpers.php:33
      • 22. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
      • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:261
    • select * from `nova_menu_menu_items` where `nova_menu_menu_items`.`parent_id` in (1) order by `order` asc
      580μs/vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/Models/Menu.php:35receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Backtrace
      • 24. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/Models/Menu.php:35
      • 25. /vendor/outl1ne/nova-menu-builder/src/helpers.php:33
      • 27. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • 28. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:45
      • 29. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:261
    • select `id`, `post_title`, `slug` from `posts` where `status` = 'publish' and `posts`.`deleted_at` is null order by RAND() limit 10
      1.22s/app/View/Composers/SidebarView.php:22receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. publish
      Backtrace
      • 14. /app/View/Composers/SidebarView.php:22
      • 15. /app/View/Composers/SidebarView.php:12
      • 16. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:124
      • 17. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:162
      • 20. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Concerns/ManagesEvents.php:177
    • select * from `fake_users` where `fake_users`.`id` = 21526 limit 1
      580μsview::2dd102cf0462e89a4d4d8bc77355d767652bf9aa:15receivinghelpdeskask
      Metadata
      Bindings
      • 0. 21526
      Backtrace
      • 21. view::2dd102cf0462e89a4d4d8bc77355d767652bf9aa:15
      • 23. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:108
      • 24. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • 25. /vendor/livewire/livewire/src/ComponentConcerns/RendersLivewireComponents.php:69
      • 26. /vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:61
    App\Models\FakeUser
    1
    Outl1ne\MenuBuilder\Models\MenuItem
    1
    Outl1ne\MenuBuilder\Models\Menu
    1
    App\Models\JsonPostContent
    1
    App\Models\Post
    11
        _token
        OJZIpRVCShzhK6e4KCQtLfF9Pu5oDM6qaLRpqvh1
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://receivinghelpdesk.com/ask/linear-exponential-family" ]
        _flash
        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA
        []
        path_info
        /linear-exponential-family
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
        0 of 0
        array:25 [ "cookie" => array:1 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjlDRUdPNzlnbjluWVAzSm9VNWJ0Z0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNFhoUnU4NDVRNUhZYlhFT1AyZVBSVmF5UUdTYWgzeCtseHB2ZGNpWUlQK2tEckEydjBSTnpSNkZwK21OK0xwMHErMmJXM2FlYjlqMFlUa3FWL1JuZW1yQVZNZ0VQc1B3a2lpTmhsTjhWbFdjajYvSjJTcWRNdzlTRW1HbVJFVmEiLCJtYWMiOiI4YzBiZTg4N2I4NzViNDI2OGNkYWJiY2U2OTY2NGE4ZmJjN2IyNmIyYmUzYTVjZWMxYzk0YzNlMmRjNTg5NjRmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; askhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6IlJ1VnNRTXVHQUJYb0ZlRTd5Z0JmN0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSkdWVGZOTTFGR3RmUDhYM2hMMlAvNXpISVROcWhYWkloNGsyLzcxalBoTjFDMkw1NDh4T3JZTjJHU0NXQTFJNUtLYXczQXI2bW8xZnNReGkydVpQNHJuZkVOMWxvRHNkaitXUko0WUphQ2YvS2hRN3lUNjh0eS8yalVNL0ppdHEiLCJtYWMiOiJkOGJmOTk1NThiNzRkMDgyYzE0MGIxZWFhNTBkY2QwNzI4YmE0ODk0OTI1ODJhMDgyYzc2NzEwYjRlMzRhOWQ4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; _pk_id.64.7c30=f293bc02dc2937b1.1750930109.; _pk_ses.64.7c30=1XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjlDRUdPNzlnbjluWVAzSm9VNWJ0Z0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNFhoUnU4NDVRNUhZYlhFT1AyZVBSVmF5UUdTYWgzeCtseHB2ZGNpWUlQK2tEckEydjBSTnpSNkZwK21OK0xwMHErMmJXM" ] "cf-ipcountry" => array:1 [ 0 => "US" ] "cf-connecting-ip" => array:1 [ 0 => "216.73.216.65" ] "cdn-loop" => array:1 [ 0 => "cloudflare; loops=1" ] "sec-fetch-mode" => array:1 [ 0 => "navigate" ] "sec-fetch-site" => array:1 [ 0 => "none" ] "accept" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" ] "user-agent" => array:1 [ 0 => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" ] "upgrade-insecure-requests" => array:1 [ 0 => "1" ] "sec-ch-ua-platform" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Windows"" ] "sec-ch-ua-mobile" => array:1 [ 0 => "?0" ] "sec-ch-ua" => array:1 [ 0 => ""Chromium";v="130", "HeadlessChrome";v="130", "Not?A_Brand";v="99"" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "accept-encoding" => array:1 [ 0 => "gzip, br" ] "cf-ray" => array:1 [ 0 => "955bacce2883eb5c-ORD" ] "priority" => array:1 [ 0 => "u=0, i" ] "sec-fetch-dest" => array:1 [ 0 => "document" ] "sec-fetch-user" => array:1 [ 0 => "?1" ] "cf-visitor" => array:1 [ 0 => "{"scheme":"https"}" ] "connection" => array:1 [ 0 => "close" ] "x-forwarded-proto" => array:1 [ 0 => "https" ] "x-forwarded-for" => array:1 [ 0 => "216.73.216.65, 108.162.216.188" ] "x-server-addr" => array:1 [ 0 => "154.12.239.204" ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => "receivinghelpdesk.com" ] ]
        request_server
        0 of 0
        array:56 [ "USER" => "runcloud" "HOME" => "/home/runcloud" "SCRIPT_NAME" => "/ask/index.php" "REQUEST_URI" => "/ask/linear-exponential-family" "QUERY_STRING" => "" "REQUEST_METHOD" => "GET" "SERVER_PROTOCOL" => "HTTP/1.0" "GATEWAY_INTERFACE" => "CGI/1.1" "REDIRECT_URL" => "/ask/linear-exponential-family" "REMOTE_PORT" => "46440" "SCRIPT_FILENAME" => "/home/runcloud/webapps/ReceivingHelpDesk/ask/index.php" "SERVER_ADMIN" => "you@example.com" "CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT" => "/home/runcloud/webapps/ReceivingHelpDesk/" "CONTEXT_PREFIX" => "" "REQUEST_SCHEME" => "http" "DOCUMENT_ROOT" => "/home/runcloud/webapps/ReceivingHelpDesk/" "REMOTE_ADDR" => "108.162.216.188" "SERVER_PORT" => "80" "SERVER_ADDR" => "127.0.0.1" "SERVER_NAME" => "receivinghelpdesk.com" "SERVER_SOFTWARE" => "Apache/2.4.63 (Unix) OpenSSL/1.1.1f" "SERVER_SIGNATURE" => "" "LD_LIBRARY_PATH" => "/RunCloud/Packages/apache2-rc/lib" "PATH" => "/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin" "HTTP_COOKIE" => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjlDRUdPNzlnbjluWVAzSm9VNWJ0Z0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNFhoUnU4NDVRNUhZYlhFT1AyZVBSVmF5UUdTYWgzeCtseHB2ZGNpWUlQK2tEckEydjBSTnpSNkZwK21OK0xwMHErMmJXM2FlYjlqMFlUa3FWL1JuZW1yQVZNZ0VQc1B3a2lpTmhsTjhWbFdjajYvSjJTcWRNdzlTRW1HbVJFVmEiLCJtYWMiOiI4YzBiZTg4N2I4NzViNDI2OGNkYWJiY2U2OTY2NGE4ZmJjN2IyNmIyYmUzYTVjZWMxYzk0YzNlMmRjNTg5NjRmIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; askhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6IlJ1VnNRTXVHQUJYb0ZlRTd5Z0JmN0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSkdWVGZOTTFGR3RmUDhYM2hMMlAvNXpISVROcWhYWkloNGsyLzcxalBoTjFDMkw1NDh4T3JZTjJHU0NXQTFJNUtLYXczQXI2bW8xZnNReGkydVpQNHJuZkVOMWxvRHNkaitXUko0WUphQ2YvS2hRN3lUNjh0eS8yalVNL0ppdHEiLCJtYWMiOiJkOGJmOTk1NThiNzRkMDgyYzE0MGIxZWFhNTBkY2QwNzI4YmE0ODk0OTI1ODJhMDgyYzc2NzEwYjRlMzRhOWQ4IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; _pk_id.64.7c30=f293bc02dc2937b1.1750930109.; _pk_ses.64.7c30=1XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6IjlDRUdPNzlnbjluWVAzSm9VNWJ0Z0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiNFhoUnU4NDVRNUhZYlhFT1AyZVBSVmF5UUdTYWgzeCtseHB2ZGNpWUlQK2tEckEydjBSTnpSNkZwK21OK0xwMHErMmJXM" "HTTP_CF_IPCOUNTRY" => "US" "HTTP_CF_CONNECTING_IP" => "216.73.216.65" "HTTP_CDN_LOOP" => "cloudflare; loops=1" "HTTP_SEC_FETCH_MODE" => "navigate" "HTTP_SEC_FETCH_SITE" => "none" "HTTP_ACCEPT" => "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7" "HTTP_USER_AGENT" => "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)" "HTTP_UPGRADE_INSECURE_REQUESTS" => "1" "HTTP_SEC_CH_UA_PLATFORM" => ""Windows"" "HTTP_SEC_CH_UA_MOBILE" => "?0" "HTTP_SEC_CH_UA" => ""Chromium";v="130", "HeadlessChrome";v="130", "Not?A_Brand";v="99"" "HTTP_CACHE_CONTROL" => "no-cache" "HTTP_PRAGMA" => "no-cache" "HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING" => "gzip, br" "HTTP_CF_RAY" => "955bacce2883eb5c-ORD" "HTTP_PRIORITY" => "u=0, i" "HTTP_SEC_FETCH_DEST" => "document" "HTTP_SEC_FETCH_USER" => "?1" "HTTP_CF_VISITOR" => "{"scheme":"https"}" "HTTP_CONNECTION" => "close" "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO" => "https" "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR" => "216.73.216.65, 108.162.216.188" "HTTP_X_SERVER_ADDR" => "154.12.239.204" "HTTP_HOST" => "receivinghelpdesk.com" "HTTPS" => "on" "REDIRECT_STATUS" => "200" "REDIRECT_HTTPS" => "on" "FCGI_ROLE" => "RESPONDER" "PHP_SELF" => "/ask/index.php" "REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT" => 1750930111.7198 "REQUEST_TIME" => 1750930111 ]
        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:4 [ "XSRF-TOKEN" => "OJZIpRVCShzhK6e4KCQtLfF9Pu5oDM6qaLRpqvh1" "askhelpdesk_session" => "Uk0x9M5hynaZvXV5JiSUEox9xP8feNcN2AaNE35C" "_pk_id_64_7c30" => null "_pk_ses_64_7c30" => null ]
        response_headers
        0 of 0
        array:7 [ "content-type" => array:1 [ 0 => "text/html; charset=UTF-8" ] "cache-control" => array:1 [ 0 => "private, must-revalidate" ] "date" => array:1 [ 0 => "Thu, 26 Jun 2025 09:28:31 GMT" ] "pragma" => array:1 [ 0 => "no-cache" ] "expires" => array:1 [ 0 => -1 ] "set-cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik13QmwrQ3kzQmZOTFlJSk5Kb2RYSUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieWZncUZBdXEyVmRwK0F4VHVFNG5ibElkWnVlMUpqamlscDlWcXpneGlCaVZnaEt2MmxCYTNqOGN6SFpJbTlTM2pUZ0JGWDgyU21OTzZ4bEIvMDJqaEI2WXVuSkVyWDZqeDRndnQ1eDZIRG83MVVjY2haTHBoMUczYXM3UGR3bHkiLCJtYWMiOiIwNTI4NjMyYzk3N2VhZmJjMmRkM2NkZDgyNTI1YzM1ZGJjNjdhZGYyZDZhYjAxMjZlNWY2YjY0MTk4ZGI5ZTg0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 26-Jun-2025 11:28:32 GMT; Max-Age=7200; path=/; samesite=laxXSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik13QmwrQ3kzQmZOTFlJSk5Kb2RYSUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieWZncUZBdXEyVmRwK0F4VHVFNG5ibElkWnVlMUpqamlscDlWcXpneGlCaVZnaEt2MmxCYTNqOGN6SFpJbTlTM2pUZ0JGW" 1 => "askhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6IklKZDY1ZXRXMzNFZkF0eEJHMS9neEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVkNjaDhNMmptVFlyQmtub3dkeERmdFR4WnNseFF1Smljc1dvN0dkMmFEcXlRRzEvWTJlV0JWcXVzVFYvWklGZnZ6RzB6aWlPQ1VBQ0hwYWl1K24xTE0yYkJPNmlBQm1UeUV3Y3RhYTl3N1A2NDZlT2xCRlFzbGI1aTlJd1BMZ3MiLCJtYWMiOiJhN2IxOTY3NGM3MjM0OTcwMzE1YWQ1NmE1MWVkNDQ0Y2U0ZDViZTQzMTU0ZDE5OTliYjZiOWM1Yzc3YmEzNWEyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 26-Jun-2025 11:28:32 GMT; Max-Age=7200; path=/; httponly; samesite=laxaskhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6IklKZDY1ZXRXMzNFZkF0eEJHMS9neEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVkNjaDhNMmptVFlyQmtub3dkeERmdFR4WnNseFF1Smljc1dvN0dkMmFEcXlRRzEvWTJlV0JWcXVzVFYvWklG" ] "Set-Cookie" => array:2 [ 0 => "XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik13QmwrQ3kzQmZOTFlJSk5Kb2RYSUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieWZncUZBdXEyVmRwK0F4VHVFNG5ibElkWnVlMUpqamlscDlWcXpneGlCaVZnaEt2MmxCYTNqOGN6SFpJbTlTM2pUZ0JGWDgyU21OTzZ4bEIvMDJqaEI2WXVuSkVyWDZqeDRndnQ1eDZIRG83MVVjY2haTHBoMUczYXM3UGR3bHkiLCJtYWMiOiIwNTI4NjMyYzk3N2VhZmJjMmRkM2NkZDgyNTI1YzM1ZGJjNjdhZGYyZDZhYjAxMjZlNWY2YjY0MTk4ZGI5ZTg0IiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 26-Jun-2025 11:28:32 GMT; path=/XSRF-TOKEN=eyJpdiI6Ik13QmwrQ3kzQmZOTFlJSk5Kb2RYSUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoieWZncUZBdXEyVmRwK0F4VHVFNG5ibElkWnVlMUpqamlscDlWcXpneGlCaVZnaEt2MmxCYTNqOGN6SFpJbTlTM2pUZ0JGW" 1 => "askhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6IklKZDY1ZXRXMzNFZkF0eEJHMS9neEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVkNjaDhNMmptVFlyQmtub3dkeERmdFR4WnNseFF1Smljc1dvN0dkMmFEcXlRRzEvWTJlV0JWcXVzVFYvWklGZnZ6RzB6aWlPQ1VBQ0hwYWl1K24xTE0yYkJPNmlBQm1UeUV3Y3RhYTl3N1A2NDZlT2xCRlFzbGI1aTlJd1BMZ3MiLCJtYWMiOiJhN2IxOTY3NGM3MjM0OTcwMzE1YWQ1NmE1MWVkNDQ0Y2U0ZDViZTQzMTU0ZDE5OTliYjZiOWM1Yzc3YmEzNWEyIiwidGFnIjoiIn0%3D; expires=Thu, 26-Jun-2025 11:28:32 GMT; path=/; httponlyaskhelpdesk_session=eyJpdiI6IklKZDY1ZXRXMzNFZkF0eEJHMS9neEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiVkNjaDhNMmptVFlyQmtub3dkeERmdFR4WnNseFF1Smljc1dvN0dkMmFEcXlRRzEvWTJlV0JWcXVzVFYvWklG" ] ]
        session_attributes
        0 of 0
        array:4 [ "_token" => "OJZIpRVCShzhK6e4KCQtLfF9Pu5oDM6qaLRpqvh1" "_previous" => array:1 [ "url" => "https://receivinghelpdesk.com/ask/linear-exponential-family" ] "_flash" => array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ] "PHPDEBUGBAR_STACK_DATA" => [] ]