A halogen lamp (also called tungsten halogen, quartz-halogen, and quartz iodine lamp) is an incandescent lamp consisting of a tungsten filament sealed in a compact transparent envelope that is filled with a mixture of an inert gas and a small amount of a halogen, such as iodine or bromine.
Full Answer
Quelle est la différence entre une lampe halogène et une lampe à incandescence halogène?
Une lampe à incandescence halogène produit de la lumière de la même façon qu'une lampe à incandescence, en portant à incandescence un filament de tungstène, mais dans une petite ampoule en verre de quartz remplie de gaz halogénés ( iode et brome) à basse pression.
Qu'est-ce que la lampe à incandescence halogène?
La lampe à incandescence halogène produit de la lumière, comme une lampe à incandescence classique, en portant à incandescence un filament de tungstène, mais des gaz halogénés ( iode et brome) à basse pression ont été introduits dans une ampoule en verre de quartz supportant les hautes températures et...
Quels sont les différents types de lampes à halogénure métallique?
Si l'usage de terre rares est généralisé à la quasi-totalité des lampes aux halogénures métalliques destinées à l'éclairage scénique, il existe des cas particuliers tels que les CSI et CID, produites par Thorn puis par General Electric.
Quelle est la température d'une lampe aux halogénures métalliques?
Une lampe aux halogénures métalliques est une lampe à décharge à haute pression, de la famille des lampes à arc, dont la température de couleur est très proche de la lumière du jour (typiquement 5 600 K, généralement entre 4 500 et 6 000 K).
What does Mr stand for in MR16?
A multifaceted reflector (often abbreviated MR) light bulb is a reflector housing format for halogen as well as some LED and fluorescent lamps.
What are MR16 lights?
MR16 light fixtures are commonly used in residential and commercial settings for directional lighting. The “M R” of “MR16” stands for multifaceted reflector, which is what controls the direction and spread of light cast from a MR16 lamp. MR16 light bulbs provide precise center beam intensity and beam control.
How does a tungsten halogen lamp work?
The tungsten filament evaporates by releasing particles. The evaporated tungsten combines with halogen gas within the glass envelope to create tungsten – halogen molecule. The tungsten – halogen molecule then migrates back to the filament, eliminating blackening of the glass envelope.
What are the advantages of the halogen tungsten lamp over the mercury vapor lamp?
Brighter, whiter light.Long Life: 3x longer than standard incandescents.Equivalent light output at lower wattage levels.High CRI = 100.Dimmable XENON.Long Life: 10x longer than standard incandescents.Lower pressure gas than krypton and halogen.No shielding required.
Which is better MR16 or GU10?
It will give you more choice in your lighting options, including smooth dimming. LED MR16's dimming systems can be very unreliable while GU10s offer excellent quality of lighting. It will save you money. MR16s are generally more expensive and their unreliable nature means they're more likely to need replacing.
What voltage is MR16?
Most MR16 lamps are operated using voltages lower than 120 volts, typically 12 volts. Some MR16 lamps, however, operate using 6 or 24 volts.
Which is better halogen or LED?
LED light bulbs are vastly superior to halogen, lasting over ten times longer while consuming 85% less electricity.
Does halogen produce UV?
Halogen lamps emit significant levels of ultraviolet radiation and should be doped or covered with glass prior to use. Incandescent bulbs emit low-dose ultraviolet radiation.
Why are halogen lights so hot?
Because incandescent and halogen bulbs create light through heat, about 90% of the energy used is wasted to generate heat. To reduce the heat emitted by regular incandescent and halogen bulbs, use a lower watt bulb (like 60 watts instead of 100).
Why are halogen bulbs banned?
The ban on halogen light bulbs comes as part of a series of measures to address climate change. It is expected that the switch to LED bulbs will cut 1.26 million tonnes of CO2, which is the equivalent of removing more than half a million cars.
What is the difference between tungsten and halogen lights?
Halogen bulbs are technically incandescent light bulbs - illumination is produced in both when a tungsten filament is heated sufficiently to emit light or "incandescence." The difference between the two is in the composition of the glass envelope and the gas inside the envelope.
What is a main disadvantage of mercury Vapour lamps?
The main drawbacks of high-pressure mercury vapour lamps are their slow 4-7 minute warm-up time, middling energy efficiency (about 50 lumens per watt), and inferior colour rendering compared to metal halide lamps.
When did the EU phase out halogen bulbs?
Phase-out. In 2009, the EU and other European countries began a phase-out of inefficient bulbs. The production and importation of directional mains-voltage halogen bulbs was banned on 1 September 2016 and non-directional halogen bulbs followed on 1 September 2018.
What is a halogen filter?
A separate filter is included with some halogen light fixtures to remove UV light. A halogen lamp (also called tungsten halogen, quartz-halogen, and quartz iodine lamp) is an incandescent lamp consisting of a tungsten filament sealed in a compact transparent envelope that is filled with a mixture of an inert gas and a small amount of a halogen, ...
What happens when tungsten is evaporated from a bulb?
In ordinary incandescent lamps, evaporated tungsten mostly deposits onto the inner surface of the bulb, causing the bulb to blacken and the filament to grow increasingly weak until it eventually breaks. The presence of the halogen, however, sets up a reversible chemical reaction cycle with this evaporated tungsten. The halogen cycle keeps the bulb clean and causes the light output to remain almost constant throughout the bulb's life. At moderate temperatures the halogen reacts with the evaporating tungsten, the halide formed being moved around in the inert gas filling. At some point, however, it will reach higher temperature regions within the bulb where it then dissociates, releasing tungsten back onto the filament and freeing the halogen to repeat the process. However, the overall bulb envelope temperature must be significantly higher than in conventional incandescent lamps for this reaction to succeed: it is only at temperatures of above 250 °C (482 °F) on the inside of the glass envelope that the halogen vapor can combine with the tungsten and return it to the filament rather than the tungsten becoming deposited on the glass. A 300 watt tubular halogen bulb operated at full power quickly reaches a temperature of about 540 °C (1,004 °F), while a 500 watt regular incandescent bulb operates at only 180 °C (356 °F) and a 75 watt regular incandescent at only 130 °C (266 °F).
What is the effect of halogen on tungsten?
The combination of the halogen gas and the tungsten filament produces a halogen-cycle chemical reaction, which redeposits evaporated tungsten on the filament, increasing its life and maintaining the clarity of the envelope. This allows the filament to operate at a higher temperature than a standard incandescent lamp of similar power ...
Why are halogen lamps dangerous?
Their small size helps to concentrate the heat on a smaller envelope surface, closer to the filament than a non-halogen incandescent. Because of the very high temperatures, halogen lamps can pose fire and burn hazards. In Australia, numerous house fires each year are attributed to ceiling-mounted halogen downlights. The Western Australia Department of Fire and Emergency Services recommends that home owners consider instead using cooler-running compact fluorescent lamps or light emitting diode lamps. Some safety codes require halogen bulbs to be protected by a grid or grille, especially for high-power (1–2 kW) bulbs used in theatre, or by the glass and metal housing of the fixture, to prevent ignition of draperies or flammable objects in contact with the lamp. To reduce unintentional ultraviolet (UV) exposure, and to contain hot bulb fragments in the event of explosive bulb failure, general-purpose lamps usually have a UV-absorbing glass filter over or around the bulb. Alternatively, lamp bulbs may be doped or coated to filter out the UV radiation. With adequate filtering, a halogen lamp exposes users to less UV than a standard incandescent lamp producing the same effective level of illumination without filtering.
What is the best voltage for halogen lamps?
For a fixed power and life, the luminous efficacy of all incandescent lamps is greatest at a particular design voltage. Halogen lamps made for 12 to 24 volt operation have good light outputs, and the very compact filaments are particularly beneficial for optical control (see picture).
Why does my halogen lamp go black?
Increasing the applied voltage increases the rate of evaporation, so at some point there may be insufficient halogen and the lamp goes black. Over-voltage operation is not generally recommended. With a reduced voltage the evaporation is lower and there may be too much halogen, which can lead to abnormal failure.
Typen und Bauarten
Vergleich der Brennerausführung von Halogen-Metalldampflampen: Quarzglas-Entladungsgefäß, zylinderförmiges Keramikentladungsgefäß, kugelförmiges Entladungsgefäß. Zündhilfe durch an die Gegenseite geführten Draht oder durch Ultraviolett, welches in einem Hilfsgefäß erzeugt wird.
Quarzglas oder Keramik
Von Anwenderseite betrachtet hat die Keramiktechnologie (Typenbezeichnungen vom Hersteller abhängig und nicht normiert; z. B. HCI, CDM) den Vorteil der Farbstabilität über die Lebensdauer, während bei der älteren Quarztechnologie (HQI) das Farbspektrum sich im Laufe der Betriebszeit meist in Richtung Grün verschiebt.
Funktionsweise
Halogen-Metalldampflampen müssen wie alle Gasentladungslampen mit einem Vorschaltgerät betrieben werden, das nach dem Zünden, wenn sich ein Lichtbogen gebildet hat, den Strom auf einen konstanten Wert begrenzt. Es stellt sich eine Lampenspannung von in der Regel 100 bis 150 V ein.
Betriebsphasen
Im Brenner befindet sich ein Gemisch aus Quecksilber, Halogenen, Natrium, Thallium, Indium und meist auch Scandium, bei Lampen mit sehr guter Rotwiedergabe auch Calcium, Rubidium oder Strontium, bei Tageslichttypen noch Metalle der Seltenen Erden (z. B. Dysprosium (III)-iodid, Holmium (III)-iodid, Thulium (III)-iodid) sowie einem Edelgas (z. B.
Eigenschaften
Halogen-Metalldampflampen haben eine Lichtausbeute von etwa 95 lm/W ( Lumen pro Watt), die mittlere Lebensdauer beträgt zwischen 750 und 30.000 Stunden. Spezialtypen haben teilweise nur eine Lebensdauer von 500 bis 2000 Stunden. Der Betrieb ist nur mit einem Vorschaltgerät möglich.
Einsatzbereiche
Verwendung finden Halogen-Metalldampflampen vorwiegend zur tageslicht ähnlichen Beleuchtung mit gerichtetem Licht oder in Scheinwerfern bei langer Einschaltdauer und hohen erforderlichen Leuchtstärken .
What is halogen lamp?
Halogen lamps are a type of incandescent lamp using a tungsten filament in bulbs that have small amounts of a halogen, such as iodine or bromine added . This enables the production of lamps that are much smaller than non-halogen incandescent lightbulbs at the same wattage. The gas reduces the thinning of the filament and blackening of the inside of the bulb resulting in a bulb that has a much greater life. Halogen lamps glow at a higher temperature (2800 to 3400 kelvins) with a whiter colour than other incandescent bulbs. However, this requires bulbs to be manufactured from fused quartz rather than silica glass to reduce breakage.
What are diatomic halogens?
Diatomic halogen molecules. The halogens form homonuclear diatomic molecules (not proven for astatine). Due to relatively weak intermolecular forces, chlorine and fluorine form part of the group known as "elemental gases". The elements become less reactive and have higher melting points as the atomic number increases.
How is bromine produced?
However, in modern times, bromine is produced by electrolysis, a method invented by Herbert Dow. It is also possible to produce bromine by passing chlorine through seawater and then passing air through the seawater. In 2003, 22,000 metric tons of iodine were produced.
What is the interhalogen form?
Interhalogen compounds are in the form of XY n where X and Y are halogens and n is one, three, five, or seven. Interhalogen compounds contain at most two different halogens. Large interhalogens, such as ClF3 can be produced by a reaction of a pure halogen with a smaller interhalogen such as ClF. All interhalogens except IF 7 can be produced by directly combining pure halogens in various conditions.
How many atoms of fluorine are in an interhalogen?
Many interhalogens consist of one or more atoms of fluorine bonding to a heavier halogen. Chlorine can bond with up to 3 fluorine atoms, bromine can bond with up to five fluorine atoms, and iodine can bond with up to seven fluorine atoms. Most interhalogen compounds are covalent gases.
What is the origin of the name Halogen?
Etymology. In 1811, the German chemist Johann Schweigger proposed that the name "halogen" – meaning "salt producer", from αλς [als] "salt" and γενειν [genein] "to beget" – replace the name "chlorine", which had been proposed by the English chemist Humphry Davy. Davy's name for the element prevailed.
What element has the ending "ine"?
The names of the elements all have the ending -ine. Fluorine's name comes from the Latin word fluere, meaning "to flow", because it was derived from the mineral fluorite, which was used as a flux in metalworking. Chlorine's name comes from the Greek word chloros, meaning "greenish-yellow".
Symbolismes et rituels
Peut-être parce qu'elles constituent un substitut au soleil, ou comme dispositif de mise en valeur, les lampes sont l'objet d'appropriations symboliques, de coutumes et de rituels.
Différentes lampes
Les lumières peuvent venir de différentes matières. Leur spectre lumineux dépend donc de la matière ayant produit la lumière. Par exemple une lampe à incandescence pourra produire toutes les lumières, alors qu'une lampe à gaz se limite à certaines fréquences.
Bibliographie
La mise en forme de cette section ne suit pas les recommandations concernant la typographie, les liens internes, etc. (mars 2018). Découvrez comment la « wikifier ».
Overview
A halogen lamp (also called tungsten halogen, quartz-halogen, and quartz iodine lamp) is an incandescent lamp consisting of a tungsten filament sealed in a compact transparent envelope that is filled with a mixture of an inert gas and a small amount of a halogen, such as iodine or bromine. The combination of the halogen gas and the tungsten filament produces a halogen-cycle chemical reac…
History
A carbon filament lamp using chlorine to prevent darkening of the envelope was patented in 1882, and chlorine-filled "NoVak" lamps were marketed in 1892.
The use of iodine was proposed in a 1933 patent, which also described the cyclic redeposition of tungsten back onto the filament. In 1959, General Electric patented a practical lamp using iodine.
In 2009, the EU and other European countries began a phase-out of inefficient bulbs. The produc…
Halogen cycle
In ordinary incandescent lamps, evaporated tungsten mostly deposits onto the inner surface of the bulb, causing the bulb to blacken and the filament to grow increasingly weak until it eventually breaks. The presence of the halogen, however, sets up a reversible chemical reaction cycle with this evaporated tungsten. The halogen cycle keeps the bulb clean and causes the light output to remain almost constant throughout the bulb's life. At moderate temperatures the halogen react…
Effect of voltage on performance
Tungsten halogen lamps behave in a similar manner to other incandescent lamps when run on a different voltage. However the light output is reported as proportional to , and the luminous efficacy proportional to . The normal relationship regarding the lifetime is that it is proportional to . For example, a bulb operated at 5% higher than its design voltage would produce about 15% more light, and the luminous efficacy would be about 6.5% higher, but would be expected to have only …
Spectrum
Like all incandescent light bulbs, a halogen lamp produces a continuous spectrum of light, from near ultraviolet to deep into the infrared. Since the lamp filament can operate at a higher temperature than a non-halogen lamp, the spectrum is shifted toward blue, producing light with a higher effective color temperature and higher power efficiency. This makes halogen lamps the only o…
Safety
Halogen lamps must run at much higher temperatures than regular incandescent lamps for proper operation. Their small size helps to concentrate the heat on a smaller envelope surface, closer to the filament than a non-halogen incandescent. Because of the very high temperatures, halogen lamps can pose fire and burn hazards. In Australia, numerous house fires each year a…
Form factors
Halogen lamps are available in a series of different shapes and sizes, and are designated according to a coding system that specifies the diameter of the bulb as well as whether or not the bulb has a built-in infrared-transparent dichroic reflector. Many such lamps have designations that begin with the letter "T" to indicate that they are "tubular" followed by a number indicating the diameter of the tube in eighths of an inch: a T3 bulb, then is a tubular halogen bulb that is 9.5 m…
Applications
Halogen headlamps are used in many automobiles. Halogen floodlights for outdoor lighting systems as well as for watercraft are also manufactured for commercial and recreational use. They are now also used in desktop lamps.
Tungsten-halogen lamps are frequently used as a near-infrared light source in Infrared spectroscopy.
Corps Purs
- Lampe HMI
Dans le courant des années 1960, les producteurs de télévision allemands demandèrent à la firme OSRAM, spécialisée dans le développement et la fabrication de produits pour l'éclairage, de créer une lampe pour remplacer les lampes à incandescence de puissance, utilisées alors dans les pr… - Lampe MSR
Philips produisit ensuite une variante de cette lampe, le type Single Ended (simple culot), baptisée MSR (Medium Source Rare-Earth)[9]. La nouveauté principale de cette nouvelle lampe résidait dans l'utilisation d'une seule embase regroupant les deux broches de connexion du même côté, …
Composés Chimiques
Usages Pratiques
Bibliographie
Voir aussi
Allgemeines
- Propriétés physiques
À température ambiante et sous pression atmosphérique, tous les halogènes forment des molécules diatomiques ; le fluor est un gaz jaune, le chlore est un gaz vert pâle, le brome est un liquide rouge et l'iode est un solide violet. L'astate, radioactif avec une demi-viede quelques heur… - Molécules d'halogène
Les halogènes forment des molécules homonucléaires diatomiques X2dont la géométrie peut être résumée de la façon suivante : L'existence de la molécule de diastate At2 n'est pas formellement établie : les données relatives à son observations sont souvent discutées et ne per…
Typen und Bauarten
- Interhalogènes
Les interhalogènes sont de la forme XYn, où X et Y sont des halogènes et n vaut 1, 3, 5 ou 7. Ils sont constitués d'au plus deux halogènes différents. Les grandes molécules d'interhalogènes comme le trifluorure de chlore ClF3 sont produites par réaction d'un halogène pur avec un interh… - Halogénures d'hydrogène et acides halogénohydriques
Tous les halogènes réagissent avec l'hydrogène pour former des halogénures d'hydrogène. La réaction est de la forme : 1. H2 + X2 → 2 HX, où HX représente le fluorure d'hydrogène HF, le chlorure d'hydrogène HCl, le bromure d'hydrogène HBr et l'iodure d'hydrogène HI. L'astate se co…
Quarzglas Oder Keramik
- Éclairage
Les lampes dites halogène tiennent leur nom de la présence d'une petite quantité des éléments chimiques brome ou iode introduits pour permettre un survoltage du filament de tungstène, donc pour que celui-ci puisse atteindre une température plus élevée, donc une couleur plus blanche. L'… - Photographie
Selon le type de film photographique, des cristaux de chlorures, bromures et/ou d'iodures d'argent absorbent la lumière de diverses couleurs. Ces cristaux exposés deviennent capables de réagir avec les révélateurs pour former les grains de l'image.
Funktionsweise
- (en) Silberberg, M.S., Chemistry: The molecular nature of Matter and Change, 3eédition, McGraw-Hill, 2009, p. 588-594.
- (en) Petrucci R.H., Harwood W.S. et Herring F.G., General Chemistry, 8eédition, Prentice-Hall, 2002
- (en) “Chem4kids” (http://www.chem4kids.com/files/elem_halogen.html)
- (en) Silberberg, M.S., Chemistry: The molecular nature of Matter and Change, 3eédition, McGraw-Hill, 2009, p. 588-594.
- (en) Petrucci R.H., Harwood W.S. et Herring F.G., General Chemistry, 8eédition, Prentice-Hall, 2002
- (en) “Chem4kids” (http://www.chem4kids.com/files/elem_halogen.html)
- (en) “Chemistry explained” (http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ge-Hy/Halogens.html)
Betriebsphasen
- Articles connexes
1. Lampe à incandescence halogène 2. Pseudohalogène 3. Halogénure 4. oxydant 5. eau de Javel 6. CFC 7. Perhalogéné 8. Liaison halogène - Liens externes
1. UICPA : Page de liens vers le tableau périodique 2. UICPA: Tableau périodique officiel du 22/06/2007 1. Portail de la chimie
Elektronische Vorschaltgeräte
Eigenschaften
- Das Herzstück der Halogen-Metalldampflampe ist das Entladungsgefäß (kurz: Brenner, Brennerrohr; engl. discharge tube) mit den beiden gegenüberliegenden Elektroden. Es ist oft in einen evakuierten Hüllkolben (engl. bulb) eingesetzt, der dem Schutz und der Wärmeisolation dient und die beiden Elektrodenanschlüsse nach außen zum Sockel führt. Es gibt einseitig und z…
Einsatzbereiche
- Von Anwenderseite betrachtet hat die Keramiktechnologie (Typenbezeichnungen vom Hersteller abhängig und nicht normiert; z. B. HCI, CDM) den Vorteil der Farbstabilität über die Lebensdauer, während bei der älteren Quarztechnologie (HQI) das Farbspektrumsich im Laufe der Betriebszeit meist in Richtung Grün verschiebt. Der Unterschied besteht im verwendeten Material für das Bre…
Gefahren und Gestaltung Der Leuchten
- Halogen-Metalldampflampen müssen wie alle Gasentladungslampen mit einem Vorschaltgerät betrieben werden, das nach dem Zünden, wenn sich ein Lichtbogen gebildet hat, den Strom auf einen konstanten Wert begrenzt. Es stellt sich eine Lampenspannung von in der Regel 100 bis 150 V ein. Diese ist unter anderem auch von der verwendeten Lampenleistung abhängig. Gebräu…
Kosten
- Zündphase
Im Brenner befindet sich ein Gemisch aus Quecksilber, Halogenen, Natrium, Thallium, Indium und meist auch Scandium, bei Lampen mit sehr guter Rotwiedergabe auch Calcium, Rubidium oder Strontium, bei Tageslichttypen noch Metalle der Seltenen Erden (z. B. Dysprosium(III)-iodid, Hol… - Hochbrennen
Die Gasentladung erwärmt den Brenner, schmilzt und verdampft die enthaltenen festen Füllbestandteile. Dieser Vorgang läuft aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Schmelz- und Siedepunkte nicht gleichzeitig ab. Zuerst erreicht das Quecksilber seinen Siedepunkt von 356 °C und trägt da…