What are the four phyla of gymnosperms?
What are the four types of gymnosperms quizlet?
- Conifers (pines, spruces, junipers)
- Cycads.
- Ginkgos.
- Gnetophytes.
What are the four types of gymnosperm?
What are the 4 types of Gymnosperm plants?
- cycads. Palm-like plants found mainly in tropical and subtropical regions.
- ginkgoes: maidenhair tree. One species: Ginkgo biloba; the maidenfern tree no longer living in the wild, and only found in cultivation.
- gnetophytes: mormon tea, welwitschia, gnetum.
- conifers: pines, spruces and firs.
What are facts about gymnosperms?
- Flowering plants form an extremely important part of Earth’s ecology as an amazingly huge number of insects feed on the nectar of flowers. ...
- Angiosperms are further classified as monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. ...
- The female reproductive organs of an angiosperm are the stigma, style and the ovary which are collectively known as the carpel. ...
What are the uses of gymnosperms?
- Oil from Hemlock used in deodorants.
- Gin is flavoured from oil of Juniperus species.
- Oil from Cedrus deodara and Cupressus sempervirens is used in perfume industry.
- Oil from Gnetum ula used for relief in rheumatism.
Is angiosperm a phylum or class?
Angiosperms are classified in a single phylum: the Anthophyta.
Is gymnosperm a kingdom?
The gymnosperms and angiosperms together comprise the spermatophytes or seed plants....Gymnosperm.Gymnosperm Temporal range:Kingdom:PlantaeClade:TracheophytesClade:Spermatophytes(unranked):Gymnosperms5 more rows
What are the 4 phyla of gymnosperms?
The four modern-day phyla of gymnosperms are Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, and Gnetophyta.
What phylum are angiosperms?
Vascular plantFlowering plant / PhylumVascular plants, also called tracheophytes or collectively Tracheophyta, form a large group of land plants that have lignified tissues for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant. They also have a specialized non-lignified tissue to conduct products of photosynthesis. Wikipedia
What is called gymnosperm?
gymnosperm, any vascular plant that reproduces by means of an exposed seed, or ovule—unlike angiosperms, or flowering plants, whose seeds are enclosed by mature ovaries, or fruits. The seeds of many gymnosperms (literally, “naked seeds”) are borne in cones and are not visible until maturity.
What are the families of gymnosperms?
Families in GymnospermsAraucariaceae.Boweniaceae.Cephalotaxaceae.Cupressaceae.Cycadaceae.Ephedraceae.Ginkgoaceae.Gnetaceae.More items...
What is the largest phylum of the gymnosperms?
Modern-day gymnosperms belong to four phyla. The largest phylum, Coniferophyta, is represented by conifers, the predominant plants at high altitude and latitude. Cycads (phylum Cycadophyta) resemble palm trees and grow in tropical climates. Gingko biloba is the only representative of the phylum Gingkophyta.
What are three living phyla of gymnosperms?
Present day gymnosperms are divided into four phyla:1) Phylum Gnetophyta. Close relatives of flowering plants ( angiosperms ). ... 2) Phylum Cycadophyta (cycads) Mainly tropical / subtropical. ... 3) Phylum Ginkgophyta. Only 1 species survives : Ginkgo biloba. ... 4) Phylum Coniferophyta (conifers) ... Dendrochronology.
What is phylum Anthophyta?
Vascular plantFlowering plant / Phylum
What phylum is a flower?
Phylum MagnoliophytaPhylum Magnoliophyta (Flowering Plants)
What plants are in phylum Anthophyta?
Cacti are considered anthophyta. Many trees are also a part of this plant division. Even though oak trees are not known for their flowers, they do produce small unobtrusive ones and so are a part of this phylum, as are the more flamboyantly flowered cherry trees. Grasses are also considered anthophyta.
Is Tracheophyta a phylum?
The phylum Tracheophyta is assigned to vascular plants. There are five classes we commonly collect in Kansas. Club mosses, which reproduce by spores, comprise this class. It includes the genera Sigillaria, Stigmaria, and Lepidodendron.
What are the four phyla of gymnosperms?
The four phyla of living gymnosperms are of separate clades or lineages, unlike the angiosperms, which are a monophyletic, single lineage. “Gymnosperm” means “naked seed” and the name draws attention to the ovules and resulting seeds that are exposed openly on the megasporophylls.
What is the phylum of conifers?
Phylum Coniferophyta. The con ifers are woody, mostly evergreen trees, with needle‐shaped or flattened leaves, which occup y the drier and cooler sites in the world today just as their ancestors probably did in the Permian. They are the familiar pines, firs, spruces, yews, hemlocks, and junipers of the Northern Hemisphere forests and ...
What is the parent of a pine seed?
The pine seed consists of tissues from two sporophyte and one gametophyte generation. That is, the parent 2 n sporophyte tissue remains in the seed as the seed coat (mature integuments); the embryo is the new 2 n sporophyte, which is surrounded by the 1 n megagametophyte.
Where do conifers grow?
As a group, the conifers occur throughout both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, some in large numbers and widespread across sites largely unsuitable for angiosperm tree growth. Many other genera are restricted in species numbers and have a relict distribution.
Is a pine tree evergreen?
Thus, a tree remains evergreen. The wood of pines and conifers (called softwood by lumbermen) in general lacks vessels and is composed of tracheids with circular bordered pits. Parenchyma is almost entirely restricted to ribbons of narrow rays.
Is a conifer a deciduous tree?
Some conifers are deciduous, such as larch ( Larix ), bald cypress ( Taxodium ), and the dawn redwood ( Metasequoia ). The yews ( Taxus) have flattened leaves and instead of a cone have a fleshy red cup, an aril.
What is a gymnosperm?
Gymnosperms are flowerless plants that produce cones and seeds. The term gymnosperm literally means "naked seed," as gymnosperm seeds are not encased within an ovary. Rather, they sit exposed on the surface of leaf-like structures called bracts. Gymnosperms are vascular plants of the subkingdom Embyophyta and include conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, ...
What is the meaning of the term "gymnosperm"?
They belong to the subkingdom Embophyta . The term "gymnosperm" literally means "naked seed.". This is because the seeds produced by gymnosperms are not encased in an ovary. Instead, gymnosperm seeds sit exposed on the surface of leaf-like structures called bracts. The four main divisions of gymnosperms are Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, ...
What is the life cycle of a gymnosperm?
In the gymnosperm life cycle, plants alternate between a sexual phase and an asexual phase. This type of life cycle is known as alternation of generations. Gamete production occurs in the sexual phase or gametophyte generation of the cycle. Spores are produced in the asexual phase or sporophyte generation.
What are some examples of conifers?
Examples of conifers include pines, sequoias, firs, hemlock, and spruces. Conifers are an important economic source of lumber and products, such as paper, that are developed from wood. Gymnosperm wood is considered softwood, unlike the hardwood of some angiosperms.
What is the sporophyte of a gymnosperm?
In gymnosperms, the plant sporophyte is recognized as the bulk of the plant itself, including roots, leaves, stems, and cones. The cells of the plant sporophyte are diploid and contain two complete sets of chromosomes. The sporophyte is responsible for the production of haploid spores through the process of meiosis.
What are some examples of vascular plants?
Some of the most recognizable examples of these woody shrubs and trees include pines, spruces, firs, and ginkgoes. Gymnosperms are abundant in temperate forest and boreal forest biomes with species that can tolerate moist ...
What is the meaning of conifer?
The word conifer means "cone-bearer," a distinct characteristic common to conifers. Cones house the male and female reproductive structures of conifers. Most conifers are monoecious, meaning that both male and female cones can be found on the same tree.
What is a gymnosperm?
Robert Brown. ... (Show more) Full Article. gymnosperm, any vascular plant that reproduces by means of an exposed seed, or ovule —unlike angiosperms, or flowering plants, whose seeds are enclosed by mature ovaries, or fruits. The seeds of many gymnosperms (literally “naked seeds”) are borne in cones and are not visible until maturity.
What is the sporophyte of a gymnosperm?
In all living gymnosperm groups, the visible part of the plant body (i.e., the growing stem and branches) represents the sporophyte, or asexual, generation, rather than the gametophyte, or sexual, generation. Typically, a sporophyte has a stem with roots and leaves and bears the reproductive structures. As vascular plants, gymnosperms contain two conducting tissues, the xylem and phloem. The xylem conducts water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant and also provides structural support. The phloem distributes the sugars, amino acids, and organic nutrients manufactured in the leaves to the nonphotosynthetic tissues of the plant.
How long does it take for a sporophyte to mature?
The time interval between pollination and maturation of the embryo into a new sporophyte generation varies among different groups, ranging from a few months to over one year (in pine, for example). In gymnosperms such as cycads and Ginkgo, the seed coat is known as the sarcotesta and consists of two layers.
How many cotyledons does a gymnosperm have?
At maturity, a gymnosperm embryo has two or more seed leaves, known as cotyledons. Cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes have two cotyledons in the embryo; pine and other conifers may have several (eight is common; some have as many as 18).
What is the gametophyte phase?
The gametophyte phase begins when the microspore, while still within the microsporangium, begins to germinate to form the male gametophyte. A single microspore nucleus divides by mitosis to produce a few cells. At this stage the male gametophyte (called a pollen grain) is shed and transported by wind or insects.
What is the female ovulate cone?
Female ovulate cones, called megastrobili, may be borne on the same plant that bears microstrobili (as in conifers) or on separate plants (as in cycads and Ginkgo ). A megastrobilus contains many scales, called megasporophylls, that contain megasporangia.
How many haploid megaspores are there in each cell?
Within each megasporangium, a single cell undergoes meiotic division to produce four haploid megaspores, three of which typically degenerate. The remaining megaspore undergoes mitosis to form the female gametophyte. As the number of free nuclei multiplies, the megasporangium and megaspore wall expand.
What is a gymnosperm?
Gymnosperms are seed producing plants that do not produce any covering surrounding the seed i. e. the seed remains naked. The word ‘Gymnosperm’ originates from Gk. ‘gymnos’ meaning ‘naked’ and Gk. ‘sperma’ meaning ‘seeds’.
What are the characteristics of a gymnosperm?
Characteristics of Gymnosperms. They are perennial and evergreen. Predominantly woody and represented by shrub and trees, not herb. Carpel is not differentiated into ovary, style and stigma. Ovules are borne naked on the surface of megasporophylls. Different types of megasporophylls.
Is a gymnosperm aquatic or terrestrial?
Gymnosperms are xerophytic and terrestrial but never aquatic. Plants possess taproots. In some cases, roots show symbiosis with certain algal cells as in coralloid roots or with fungi as in mycorrhizal roots. Coralloid roots are found in Cycas and mycorrhizal roots are found in Pinus.
Who first used the term "gymnosperm"?
A Greek botanist named Theophrastus first used the term ‘Gymnosperm’ in 300 BC in his book. Theophrastus. ‘Enquiry into Plants’. He defined gymnosperms as ‘having or with unprotected seeds’. Goebel defined gymnosperms as ‘phanerogams without ovary’.
Do Gymnosperms have spores?
Gymnosperms are heterosporus and bear different types of spores. Stems are characterized by the presence of collateral endarch. Vessels are absent (exception: Gnetum: the most advanced group in Gymnosperm). Double fertilization doesn’t take place in Gymnosperm. Embryo is developed at the end of a long suspensor.
How many species are there in gymnosperms?
A smaller group than the cryptogams, the gymnosperms comprise 15 families, 70-80 genera, and about 820 species. The Wisconsin native gymnosperm flora includes 3 families of conifers - Cupressaceae, Taxaceae, and Pinaceae with a total of 8 genera and 13 species. In terms of number of species, not a large group of plants.
Where are gymnosperms found?
They are found throughout much of the earth, but form dominant vegetation in many colder and arctic regions .
Why are gymnosperms grouped together?
Unlike angiosperms (= "encased seeds"), gymnosperms are all grouped together because the seeds are "unprotected" or naked, that is exposed on the surface of bracts. The oldest known seedlike structures are from the late Devonian period around 360 million years ago.
What are the structures of reproduction?
Reproduction structures are reduced leaves with sporangia attached loosely or tightly clustered into conelike structures near the apex of the plant. Species are either dioecious (male and female sporangia on different plants) or monoecious (male and female sporangia on same plant).
How long does it take for a gymnosperm to reproduce?
They are typically slow to reproduce; up to a year may pass between pollination and fertilization, and seed maturation may require 3 years.
What are the four major groups within the gymnosperms?
Four major groups within the gymnosperms are usually recognized - these sometimes each considered its own phylum (Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, Pinophyta). Here we will consider the gymnosperms to be a natural group and recognize the group as all Pinophyta. For further discussion on each of these four groups, ...
Where are palms found?
Palm-like plants found mainly in tropical and subtropical regions. First appeared about 320 million years ago during the Carboniferous; were so numerous during the Mesozoic that is it often called the Age of Cycads and Dinosaurs. Many have a distinct trunk, with the functional leaves at the top - these being large megaphylls, often dissected. Reproduction structures are reduced leaves with sporangia attached loosely or tightly clustered into conelike structures near the apex of the plant. Species are either dioecious (male and female sporangia on different plants) or monoecious (male and female sporangia on same plant). Plants are often toxic with neurotoxins and carcinogenic compounds.
What is a gymnosperm?
Gymnosperms are woody plants, either shrubs, trees, or, rarely, vines (some gneto phytes). They differ from flowering plants in that the seeds are not enclosed in an ovary but are exposed within any of a variety of structures, the most familiar being cones.
What are some examples of gymnosperms?
There are few gymnosperms that were not used by aboriginal peoples; the main exceptions seem to have been in areas where there were few or no people, or in tropical areas where angiosperm diversity far exceeded gymnosperm diversity. Two outstanding examples include: 1 Cycads ( Cycadales ), Bunya pines ( Araucaria bidwillii) and stone pines ( Pinus subsection Cembroides ), all of which produced edible nuts that were a staple food for local cultures. 2 Western redcedar ( Thuja plicata ), which filled virtually all needs of Pacific Northwest Coast peoples except providing food.
Why are gymnosperms in one group?
We might have chosen to put "the gymnosperms" together in one group because they are all relicts, survivors of an ancient flora. They all seem strange to children of the Cenozoic savannas.
How old are gymnosperms?
Many trees have (approximately) annual rings, permitting approximate determination of the age of an individual, but in harsh environments many years may pass before the first ring is made. For example, Ken Lertzman (pers. comm. 1990) found mountain hemlock seedlings up to 18 years old (based on bud scar counts) that had yet to form their first ring. The greatest age known from ring counts is about 5000 years, for Pinus longaeva. Several other species, such as Thuja plicata and Taxus baccata, might achieve comparable ages but we cannot tell because they live in moist climates where the tree's woody heart rots away while the rest of the tree is in the prime of life, so that no record of the rings is left behind. For further detail on the oldest known gymnosperms, see the article How Old Is That Tree?.
What are the two groups of plants?
Plants are classified into two large groups, vascular plants and nonvascular plants. Nonvascular plant s lack tissues that have been specialized for the transport of water and nutrients between distant parts of the plant. They include all algae, mosses, and their allies. Vascular plants have such transport systems.
Where does gymnosperm lumber come from?
Most of this timber comes from a handful of species, notably Pinus radiata, the most widely planted tree in the world, although it has one of the smallest natural distributions.
Where is gymnosperm diversity best observed?
Observations. Gymnosperm diversity is best observed at botanical gardens and arboreta. Conifers, at least, are also very well represented in ornamental collections throughout the temperate zones of the world.
Overview
The gymnosperms (pronunciation (help·info) lit. revealed seeds) are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes, forming the clade Gymnospermae, the living members of which are also known as Acrogymnospermae. The term gymnosperm comes from the composite word in Greek: γυμνόσπερμος (γυμνός, gymnos, 'naked' and σπέρμα, sperma, 's…
Classification
A formal classification of the living gymnosperms is the "Acrogymnospermae", which form a monophyletic group within the spermatophytes. The wider "Gymnospermae" group includes extinct gymnosperms and is thought to be paraphyletic. The fossil record of gymnosperms includes many distinctive taxa that do not belong to the four modern groups, including seed-bearing trees that have a somewhat fern-like vegetative morphology (the so-called "seed ferns" or pteridosperms). …
Diversity and origin
Over 1000 living species of gymnosperm exist. It was previously widely accepted that the gymnosperms originated in the Late Carboniferous period, replacing the lycopsid rainforests of the tropical region, but more recent phylogenetic evidence indicates that they diverged from the ancestors of angiosperms during the Early Carboniferous. The radiation of gymnosperms du…
Uses
Gymnosperms have major economic uses. Pine, fir, spruce, and cedar are all examples of conifers that are used for lumber, paper production, and resin. Some other common uses for gymnosperms are soap, varnish, nail polish, food, gum, and perfumes.
Life cycle
Gymnosperms, like all vascular plants, have a sporophyte-dominant life cycle, which means they spend most of their life cycle with diploid cells, while the gametophyte (gamete-bearing phase) is relatively short-lived. Like all seed plants, they are heterosporous, having two spore types, microspores (male) and megaspores (female) that are typically produced in pollen cones or ovulate co…
Genetics
The first published sequenced genome for any gymnosperm was the genome of Picea abies in 2013.
General bibliography
• Cantino, Philip D.; Doyle, James A.; Graham, Sean W.; Judd, Walter S.; Olmstead, Richard G.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Donoghue, Michael J. (August 2007). "Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta". Taxon. 56 (3): 822–846. doi:10.2307/25065864. JSTOR 25065864.
External links
• Gymnosperm Database
• Gymnosperms on the Tree of Life
• Albert Seward (1911). "Gymnosperms" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).