What are the possible complications of Citrobacter koseri?
Optimum management of Citrobacter koseri infection Low virulent Citrobacter koseri can cause life threatening infections. Neonates and other immunocompromised patients are particularly susceptible to infection from C. koseri.
Is Citrobacter koseri Gram positive or negative?
Citrobacter koseri is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming bacillus. It is a facultative anaerobe capable of aerobic respiration. It is motile via peritrichous flagella.
Which antibiotics are used to treat Citrobacter koseri infection?
Various types of antibiotics, including aminoglycosides carbapenems, cephalosporins, chloramphenicol and quinolones, are used for the treatment of C. koseri infections. The rational choice of antimicrobial therapy for Citrobacter infections is a challenge for clinicians because there is a sustained increase in antibacterial resistance.
What is the prognosis of C koseri infection in humans?
C. koseri may act as an opportunistic pathogen in a variety of human infections. Brain abscesses have a high rate of mortality and complications, therefore, neonates usually left with severe residual permanent damage.
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How serious is Citrobacter koseri?
Low virulent Citrobacter koseri can cause life threatening infections. Neonates and other immunocompromised patients are particularly susceptible to infection from C.
Is Citrobacter koseri curable?
For patients with C. koseri brain abscesses, surgical drainage or aspiration of the abscesses should be strongly considered, but it is not always feasible because the abscesses are often multiple or inaccessible. Brain abscesses caused by C. koseri have been reported to be cured by medical therapy alone (7, 36, 43).
How do you get Citrobacter koseri?
The transmission of C. koseri could be vertical from mother to fetus (local vaginal infection, rupture of the membranes, chorioamniotis may occur between the seventh and 11th day prior to delivery) and other sources can be horizontal nosocomial transmission by asymptomatic nursery staff.
Is Citrobacter koseri common?
Citrobacter diversus is a rare but important agent of neonatal meningitis and infections in compromised hosts.
How common is Citrobacter Koseri in urine?
UTIs caused by Citrobacter species have been described in 5 to 12% of bacterial urine isolates in adults.
Is Citrobacter Koseri UTI common?
Although Citrobacter spp. are less commonly isolated, they are emerging as a common nosocomial multidrug-resistant pathogen, especially in developing countries. UTI caused by Citrobacter spp. have been seen in 12% patients in 1961, and since then, its prevalence has been increasing.
What are the symptoms of Citrobacter koseri?
Citrobacter normally cause urinary tract infections, blood stream infections, intra abdominal sepsis, brain abscesses, and pneumonia and other neonatal infection 6, such as meningitis, neonatal sepsis, joint infection or general bacteremia 7.
What disease does Citrobacter koseri cause?
Citrobacter koseri, formerly known as Citrobacter diversus, is a gram-negative bacillus that causes mostly meningitis and brain abscess in neonates and infants. 1 However, brain abscess caused by Citrobacter koseri in an adult is extremely rare and only 2 cases have been described in the literature.
Is Citrobacter koseri pathogenic?
Comparative Genomic Analysis of Citrobacter and Key Genes Essential for the Pathogenicity of Citrobacter koseri. Citrobacter species are opportunistic bacterial pathogens that have been implicated in both nosocomial and community-acquired infections.
What causes UTI Citrobacter koseri?
C. koseri is a gram-negative, non-lactose fermenting rod that is often part of normal human flora. It causes infections almost exclusively in neonates and infants—primarily meningitis—and in immune-compromised hosts. In the adult patient, the urinary tract is one of the most common sites of infection by Citrobacter.
What are the symptoms of Citrobacter?
Citrobacter freundii causes: ➢ Urinary tract infections which triggers: • A burning sensation during • Urination, increased urge to urinate, • Offensive smelling urine, • Scanty urination, • Blood in the urine • Fever • Burning or pain in the lower back and / or pelvis.
What is the best antibiotic for Citrobacter koseri?
Conclusions: Ciprofloxacin and meropenem should be considered antibiotic treatment options for systemic infection or meningitis caused by C. koseri.
What is the name of the species of Citrobacter?
Citrobacter Species. Members of the genus Citrobacter are named for their ability to use citrate as their sole carbon source. Of the dozen species, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter koseri (formerly Citrobacter diversus ), and Citrobacter amalonaticus are linked to human disease.
Where is Citrobacter cultured?
The urinary tract is the most frequent site from which Citrobacter is cultured, often in association with an indwelling catheter. These bacteria may also be cultured from the respiratory tract, a finding that more often represents colonization than symptomatic infection.
How many species are in the genus Citrobacter?
The genus Citrobacter has undergone significant taxonomic revision through the use of newer techniques based on DNA relatedness. The genus now contains 11 named species: Citrobacter freundii, C. koseri, C. amalonaticus, C. youngae, C. farmeri, C. braakii, C. werkmanii, C. sedlakii, C. gillenii, C. murliniae, and C. rodentium.1–5 Citrobacter koseri has replaced the taxon formerly known as Citrobacter diversus, and Citrobacter farmeri is the new taxon assigned to the former Citrobacter amalonaticus biogroup 1. All species except C. rodentium have been recovered from human clinical sources (some rarely) including blood and other normally sterile body sites, wounds, respiratory and urinary tract; however, C. freundii and C. koseri are the most important human pathogens. C. freundii, C. koseri, and C. amalonaticus appear to be distinct organisms; however, only C. koseri appears to be genetically homogeneous. Several other named species form a closely related group and are difficult to differentiate biochemically; they are sometimes referred to as C. freundii -complex organisms.
What is the genus of Citrobacter?
Organisms of the genus Citrobacter are gram-negative bacilli that are occasional inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract and are responsible for disease in neonates and debilitated or immunocompromised patients. The genus has undergone frequent changes in nomenclature, making it difficult to relate the types identified in reports of newborn disease over the years. In 1990, Citrobacter koseri replaced Citrobacter diversus [ 147 ]. For the purposes of this chapter, C. koseri replaces C. diversus, even though the original article may refer to the latter name.
Where is Citrobacter freundii found?
Citrobacter freundii is isolated from human and animal feces, as well as from extraintestinal specimens. It is also commonly found in soil water and food. Citrobacter diversus is a rare but important agent of neonatal meningitis and infections in compromised hosts.
How many species are there in the Enterobacteriaceae family?
The family of Enterobacteriaceae includes 26 genera and more than 60 species. Enterobacteriaceae are widely distributed on plants, fruits, vegetables in the soil, and water, and in the intestine of humans and animals.
What are Gram negative bacteria?
The very large group of Gram-negative bacteria in the Enterobacteriaceae family are among the most important organisms in the field of human health. The bacteria included in this family share properties. They are Gram-negative, nonsporing, straight rods (0.3–1.0 μ m by 1.0–6.0 μ m), motile by peritrichous flagella, or nonmotile. They grow well on peptone, meat extract, and usually MacConkey's media, both aerobically and anaerobically, often with gas production by fermentation, rather than oxidation. They are catalase-positive and oxidase-negative, reduce nitrate to nitrite, and have a 39–59% guanine and cytosine (G + C) content of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
What antibiotics are used for C. koseri?
Various types of antibiotics, including aminoglycosides carbapenems, cephalosporins, chloramphenicol and quinolones, are used for the treatment of C. koseri infections. The rational choice of antimicrobial therapy for Citrobacter infections is a challenge for clinicians because there is a sustained increase in antibacterial resistance.
Can neonates get C. koseri?
Neonates and other immunocompromised patients are particularly susceptible to infection from C. koseri. Any infection due to C. koseri mandates antimicrobial therapy based on the sensitivity of the pathogen microorganism. Various …. Low virulent Citrobacter koseri can cause life threatening infections. Neonates and other immunocompromised patients ...
Can Citrobacter Koseri cause life threatening infections?
Low virulent Citrobacter koseri can cause life threatening infections. Neonates and other immunocompromised patients are particularly susceptible to infection from C. koseri. Any infection due to C. koseri mandates antimicrobial therapy based on the sensitivity of the pathogen microorganism. Various types of antibiotics, including aminoglycosides ...
Overview
Prognosis
The prognosis of the C. koseri infection is 20 to 30% of neonates die, and 75% of survivors have significant neurologic damage such as complex hydrocephalus, neurologic deficits, mental delay, and epilepsy.
Signs and symptoms
The neonates become very sick and present sepsis, meningitis, and cerebritis, seizures, apnea, and a bulging fontanelle. No evidence of stiff neck or high-grade fever is present.
Occasionally, it causes meningitis, but it can cause sepsis, ventriculitis, and cerebritis with 80% frequent multiple brain abscesses in low-birth-weight, immunocompromised neonates; rare cases have been reported in older children and adults, most of whom have underlying diseases.
Diagnosis
Early and massive tissue necrosis is a specific feature of C. koseri brain infection. The early stage of the disease predominates in the white matter, causing cerebritis; the later stage is marked with necrotic cavities in multiple locations. The cavities are initially square in shape and not tense, but when pus forms and collects in these cavities, they tend to become more rounded in shape; a persisting cavity leads to septated ventriculitis that may result in multicyctic hydrocephalus.
Treatment
A broad spectrum cephalosporin and meropenem are often used because of the good penetration into the central nervous system. If the response to the antibiotic is poor, the surgical aspiration of the collected pus reduces the mass effect and enhances the efficacy of the antibiotics.
Control
The most effective way to reduce transmission of organisms is regular handwashing.
External links
• "Citrobacter koseri". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 545.
• Type strain of Citrobacter koseri at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase