Which is the most potent immunosuppressive drug?
Cyclophosphamide (Baxter's Cytoxan) is probably the most potent immunosuppressive compound. In small doses, it is very efficient in the therapy of systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune hemolytic anemias, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and other immune diseases. High doses cause pancytopenia and hemorrhagic cystitis .
What is the main immunosuppressive substance?
Azathioprine and mercaptopurine. Azathioprine (Prometheus' Imuran), is the main immunosuppressive cytotoxic substance. It is extensively used to control transplant rejection reactions. It is nonenzymatically cleaved to mercaptopurine, that acts as a purine analogue and an inhibitor of DNA synthesis.
What are the different types of immunosuppressive drugs?
Immunosuppressive drugs can be classified into five groups: 1 glucocorticoids 2 cytostatics 3 antibodies 4 drugs acting on immunophilins 5 other drugs
What is the purpose of muromonab CD3?
Muromonab-CD3 is a murine anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody of the IgG2a type that was previously used to prevent T-cell activation and proliferation by binding the T-cell receptor complex present on all differentiated T cells. As such it was one of the first potent immunosuppressive substances and was administered to control the steroid- and/or polyclonal antibodies-resistant acute rejection episodes. As it acts more specifically than polyclonal antibodies it was also used prophylactically in transplantations. However, muromonab-CD3 is no longer produced, and this mouse monoclonal antibody has been replaced in the clinic with chimeric, humanized, or human monoclonal antibodies.
What is the role of interleukin-2 in T cell activation?
Interleukin-2 is an important immune system regulator necessary for the clone expansion and survival of activated lymphocytes T . Its effects are mediated by the trimer cell surface receptor IL-2a, consisting of the α, β, and γ chains. The IL-2a (CD25, T-cell activation antigen, TAC) is expressed only by the already-activated T lymphocytes. Therefore, it is of special significance to the selective immunosuppressive treatment, and research has been focused on the development of effective and safe anti-IL-2 antibodies. By the use of recombinant gene technology, the mouse anti-Tac antibodies have been modified, leading to the presentation of two chimeric mouse/human anti-Tac antibodies in the year 1998: basiliximab (Simulect) and daclizumab (Zenapax). These drugs act by binding the IL-2a receptor's α chain, preventing the IL-2 induced clonal expansion of activated lymphocytes and shortening their survival. They are used in the prophylaxis of the acute organ rejection after bilateral kidney transplantation, both being similarly effective and with only few side-effects.
Why are antibodies used in immunotherapy?
Antibodies are sometimes used as a quick and potent immunosuppressive therapy to prevent the acute rejection reactions as well as a targeted treatment of lymphoproliferative or autoimmune disorders (e.g., anti- CD20 monoclonals).
How do glucocorticoids work?
Immunosuppressive mechanism. Glucocorticoids suppress the cell-mediated immunity. They act by inhibiting genes that code for the cytokines Interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha, the most important of which is IL-2. Smaller cytokine production reduces the T cell proliferation.
What are some street names for LSD?
LSD. Common or street names: LSD is sold under more than 80 street names including Acid, Blotter, acid, Doses, Dots, Trips, Mellow Yellow, Window Pane, as well as names that reflect the designs on sheets of blotter paper (for example, "purple dragon").
Is LSD a Schedule 1 drug?
In the U.S., LSD is illegal and is classified by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) as a Schedule 1 drug, meaning LSD has a high potential for abuse, has no currently accepted medical treatments, and has a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision. However, despite being a Schedule 1 substance, there has been a resurgence ...
Why change the location of the injection site?
It is important to change the location of the injection site to avoid discomfort or problem areas. Your dose may need to be gradually decreased to reduce symptoms such as weakness, weight loss, nausea, and extreme fatigue. Shake vial before use to evenly disperse the suspension.
Where to report side effects?
You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or at www.fda.gov/medwatch. In Canada - Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345. Precautions.
How to use Kenalog 40?
How to use KENALOG-40 Vial. Depending on your product, this medication may be given by injecting into different locations such as a muscle (intramuscularly), a skin lesion (intradermally), or a joint (intra-articularly). Injections are usually given by a trained healthcare professional. If you are giving yourself intramuscular injection, ...
What is the street name for illegal drugs?
Methamphetamine. Ecstasy or MDMA. There are numerous slang terms and street names for illicit drugs. This drug culture has developed with its own language in which ordinary sounding words can take on entirely different meanings.
What does it mean to be nicknamed for a drug?
As with many drugs and medications, nicknames are often derived from the appearance of the drug. In the case of depressants, many street names refer to the color (s) of the pills or capsules.
What is street slang for marijuana?
Slang Based on the Effects of Marijuana. Other street terms used for marijuana originated from how the drug affects users. Different kinds of marijuana can affect users in different ways and these street names reflect those different responses. Some of the terms refer to the potency of the various types of marijuana.
What is the slang term for heroin?
These include: Aries, Antifreeze, Ballot, Big Doodig, Bozo, Bonita, Bombs Away, Bull Dog, Foil, Ferry Dust, Little Boy, Noise, Reindeer Dust, Scag, Skag, Smack, and Tootsie Roll.
What does it mean to inject drugs with a syringe?
To inject drugs with a syringe is to shoot, spike, boot, or slam the drug. Someone who is bipping is snorting drugs, while a tweaker is a person on a mission to find crack cocaine (but tweek is a methamphetamine-like substance). People who are chiefing, blasting, or participating in a clam bake are smoking marijuana.
What is the name of the drug that is used to treat anxiety?
Depressants. When prescription drugs make their way to the street to be sold for misuse or nonmedical use, they often are given street names. This is the case for depressants—barbiturates and benzodiazepines—which are medications prescribed as sedatives or tranquilizers to treat anxiety and insomnia.
What are some nicknames for heroin?
Some nicknames are based on how heroin is packaged by street level dealers, either by the packaging's appearance or cost: Big Bag, Blue Bag, Blue Star, Brick Gum, and Nickel Deck.
Why is kratom banned?
Kratom is banned by some states in the U.S. due to safety concerns. People use kratom for withdrawal from heroin, morphine, and other opioid drugs, as well as cough, depression, anxiety, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses. Using kratom can also be unsafe.
What are the side effects of kratom?
Fever. High blood pressure. Sexual problems that prevent satisfaction during sexual activity. Withdrawal from heroin, morphine, and other opioid drugs. Other conditions. More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of kratom for these uses. Side Effects.
What is an IMID drug?
Drug Classes. In Wikidata. Immunomodulatory imide drugs ( IMiDs) are a class of immunomodulatory drugs (drugs that adjust immune responses) containing an imide group. The IMiD class includes thalidomide and its analogues ( lenalidomide, pomalidomide, iberdomide, and apremilast ). These drugs may also be referred to as 'Cereblon modulators'.
What is the name of the protein that is targeted by IMD?
These drugs may also be referred to as 'Cereblon modulators'. Cereblon is the protein targeted by this class of drugs. The name "IMiD" alludes to both "IMD" for "immunomodulatory drug" and the forms imide, imido-, imid-, and imid . The development of analogs of thalidomide was precipitated by the discovery of the anti-angiogenic ...
What is the IUPAC name for thalidomide?
Its IUPAC name is 2- (2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)isoindole-1,3-dione and it has one chiral center After thalidomide's selective inhibition of TNF-α had been reported, a renewed effort was put in thalidomide's clinical development. The clinical development led to the discovery of new analogs which strived to have improved activities and decreased side effects.
When was Pomalidomide approved?
Pomalidomide was submitted for FDA approval on April 26, 2012 and on 21 June it was announced that the drug would get standard FDA review. A marketing authorization application was filed to EMA 21 June 2012, where a decision could come as soon as early 2013. EMA has already granted pomalidomide an orphan designation for primary myelofibrosis, MM, systemic sclerosis, post- polycythaemia and post-essential thrombocythaemia myelofibrosis.
What is the primary use of IMIDs?
The primary use of IMiDs in medicine is in the treatment of cancers and autoimmune diseases (including one that is a response to the infection leprosy ). Indications for these agents that have received regulatory approval include:
Is EM-12 an analog of thalidomide?
Additionally, these analogs are more potent inhibitors of angiogenesis than thalidomide. As well, the amino-thalidomide and amino-EM-12 were potent inhibitors of TNF-α. These two analogs later got the name lenalidomide, which is the EM-12 amino analog, and pomalidomide, the thalidomide amino analog.
Is lenalidomide approved for MM?
Lenalidomide is approved in nearly 70 countries, in combination with dexamethasone for the treatment of patients with MM who have received at least one prior therapy. Orphan indications include diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and mantle cell lymphoma . Lenalidomide is also approved for transfusion-dependent anemia due to low or intermediate-1-risk myelodysplastic syndromes associated with a deletion 5q cytogenetic abnormality with or without additional cytogenetic abnormalities in the U.S., Canada, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Israel and several Latin American countries, while marketing authorization application is currently being evaluated in a number of other countries. Numerous clinical trials are already in the pipeline or being conducted to explore further use for lenalidomide, alone or in combination with other drugs. Some of these indications include acute myeloid leukemia, follicular lymphoma, MALT lymphoma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, lupus erythematosus, Hodgkin's lymphoma, myelodysplastic syndrome and more.
Overview
Immunosuppressive drugs, also known as immunosuppressive agents, immunosuppressants and antirejection medications, are drugs that inhibit or prevent activity of the immune system.
Classification
Immunosuppressive drugs can be classified into five groups:
• glucocorticoids
• cytostatics
• antibodies
• drugs acting on immunophilins
Therapy
Immunosuppressive drugs are used in immunosuppressive therapy to:
• Prevent the rejection of transplanted organs and tissues (e.g., bone marrow, heart, kidney, liver)
• Treat autoimmune diseases or diseases that are most likely of autoimmune origin (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, psoriasis, vitiligo, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis /scleroderma, sarcoidosis, focal segmental glo…
Side effects
A common side-effect of many immunosuppressive drugs is immunodeficiency, because the majority of them act non-selectively, resulting in increased susceptibility to infections, decreased cancer immunosurveillance and decreased ability to produce antibodies after vaccination. There are also other side-effects, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, peptic ulcers, lipodystrophy, moon face, liver and kidney injury. The immunosuppressive drugs also interact wit…
See also
• Immunosuppression
• BK virus
• Behcet's Disease
• Discovery and development of mTOR inhibitors
• Treatment methods for preventing organ rejection
External links
• Pancreas-Kidney Transplantation: Drugs, a brief history of immunosuppressive drugs. Accessed on 21 August 2005.
• WSAVA 2001 – Immunosuppressive drug therapy, from the veterinary point of view. By Mark Papich. Accessed on 21 August 2005.
• Newer Immunosuppressive Drugs;A Review -Gummert et al. – J Am Soc Nephrol 10:1366–1380, 1999. Free full text at JASN. Accessed on 21 August 2005.