Why did Egyptians need hieroglyphics?
- Decorated ware jar illustrating boats and trees; 3650–3500 BC; painted pottery; height: 16.2 cm, diameter: 12.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)
- Female figure; c. ...
- Amulet in the form of a head of an elephant; 3500–3300 BC; serpentine (the green part) and bone (the eyes); 3.5 × 3.6 × 2.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art ...
What were the hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt?
What were ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs?
- Stela of the Gatekeeper Maati, ca. 2051–2030BC. ...
- Hands offering Aten cartouches, ca. 1352–1336BC. ...
- Book of the Dead for the Singer of Amun, Nany, ca. 1050BC. ...
- Votive stela of Userhat,1327–1295BC. ...
- Stela of the Overseer of the Fortress Intef, ca. ...
What are hieroglyphics and who used them?
Hieroglyph, meaning “sacred carving,” is a Greek translation of the Egyptian phrase “the god’s words,” which was used at the time of the early Greek contacts with Egypt to distinguish the older hieroglyphs from the handwriting of the day (demotic). Modern usage has extended the term to other writing systems, such as Hieroglyphic Hittite, Mayan hieroglyphs, and early Cretan.
What are facts about hieroglyphics?
These Facts About the Egyptian Hieroglyphs Will Simply Floor You. Hieroglyphs were used by the ancient Egyptians as a writing system as far back as 3200 B.C. The word 'hieroglyph' is Greek and means 'sacred carving'. Hieroglyphs were distinct in a way that they combined the use of pictures or logos alongside the traditional alphabetic medium.
Where did Egyptian hieroglyphics come from?
The use of hieroglyphic writing arose from proto-literate symbol systems in the Early Bronze Age, around the 32nd century BC (Naqada III), with the first decipherable sentence written in the Egyptian language dating to the Second Dynasty (28th century BC).
Who invented Egyptian hieroglyphs?
The ancient Egyptians believed that writing was invented by the god Thoth and called their hieroglyphic script "mdju netjer" ("words of the gods"). The word hieroglyph comes from the Greek hieros (sacred) plus glypho (inscriptions) and was first used by Clement of Alexandria.
How was hieroglyphics created?
Hieroglyphs were written on papyrus reed, which is a water or marsh plant, with tall straight hollow stems. The reeds were flattened, dried, and stuck together to make pages. The Egyptians also carved hieroglyphs onto stone and painted them on the walls of the tombs.
When did Egyptian hieroglyphics start?
3100 B.C.The hieroglyphic script originated shortly before 3100 B.C., at the very onset of pharaonic civilization. The last hieroglyphic inscription in Egypt was written in the 5th century A.D., some 3500 years later. For almost 1500 years after that, the language was unable to be read.
What is the Egyptian hieroglyphic system?
Egyptian hieroglyphs ( / ˈhaɪrəɡlɪfs /) were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt. Hieroglyphs combined logographic, syllabic and alphabetic elements, with a total of some 1,000 distinct characters. Cursive hieroglyphs were used for religious literature on papyrus and wood.
When was the first hieroglyphic written?
The use of hieroglyphic writing arose from proto-literate symbol systems in the Early Bronze Age, around the 32nd century BC ( Naqada III ), with the first decipherable sentence written in the Egyptian language dating to the Second Dynasty (28th century BC). Egyptian hieroglyphs developed into a mature writing system used for monumental inscription ...
How many uniliterals are in the Egyptian alphabet?
The Egyptian hieroglyphic script contained 24 uniliterals (symbols that stood for single consonants, much like letters in English). It would have been possible to write all Egyptian words in the manner of these signs, but the Egyptians never did so and never simplified their complex writing into a true alphabet.
What is the meaning of non-determinative hieroglyphic signs?
Most non- determinative hieroglyphic signs are phonograms, whose meaning is determined by pronunciation, independent of visual characteristics . This follows the rebus principle where, for example, the picture of an eye could stand not only for the English word eye, but also for its phonetic equivalent, the first person pronoun I .
What does "hieroglyphics" mean?
Greek ἱερόγλυφος meant "a carver of hieroglyphs". In English, hieroglyph as a noun is recorded from 1590, originally short for nominalised hieroglyphic (1580s, with a plural hieroglyphics ), from adjectival use ( hieroglyphic character ).
What was the late Egyptian language?
Further information: Late Egyptian language. As writing developed and became more widespread among the Egyptian people, simplified glyph forms developed, resulting in the hieratic (priestly) and demotic (popular) scripts. These variants were also more suited than hieroglyphs for use on papyrus.
What are the three types of hieroglyphs?
Hieroglyphs consist of three kinds of glyphs: phonetic glyphs, including single-consonant characters that function like an alphabet; logographs, representing morphemes; and determinatives, which narrow down the meaning of logographic or phonetic words.
What were hieroglyphics used for?
Hieroglyphic inscriptions on temple walls and other monuments were used for decorative and sacred purposes. Parts of the Book of the Dead , a compilation of spells the ancient Egyptians believed would assist them in the afterlife, were inscribed on sarcophagi. Ramses II's cartouches at Tanis.
Why are hieroglyphs important?
Hieroglyphs retained their importance as a means of communication with the Gods and the Egyptians believed their language was a gift from Thoth, their moon God of wisdom, and goddess Seshat.
Why were scribes important to the Pharaohs?
Scribes were indispensable to the Pharaohs . These scribes may also have something to do with how long the ancient Egyptian language was able to survive since hieroglyphs were seen as a gift from the gods - to alter or abandon them was as an act of sacrilege. Sculpture of an ancient Egyptian scribe.
What language is the Egyptian stone written in?
The stone has a text written by a group of priests in Egypt to honor the Egyptian pharaoh. It is represented in three languages, including Egyptian hieroglyphics which was the script used for religious documents, Greek, which was the language of the rulers of Egypt at that time, and demotic.
What was the last hieroglyphic language?
The last hieroglyphic language on earth and an ancient culture fighting to survive. Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs inscribed on a wall. ( Paolo Gallo /Adobe Stock) Priests used hieroglyphs to write down prayers and texts related to life after death and worship of the gods.
Why was the Ancient Egyptian Scribe important?
The Importance of the Ancient Egyptian Scribe. Not everyone in ancient Egypt could read and write hieroglyphics thu s making their meaning incomprehensible to the common citizen. Only one group had this knowledge and they were called scribes .
What was the Egyptian script?
The Coptic script eventually replaced Demotic as the commonly used script in Egypt. It was comprised of a series of dialects of which at least six had the status of written language and went out of fashion around the 14th century when the Arabs conquered Egypt and Arabic became the predominant language.
Where did the word "hieroglyph" come from?
The word " hieroglyph " derives from the Greek words ἱερός (hierós): "Sacred" and γλύφειν (glúphein): "To carve" or "to write," as in the term "glyph." This was translated from the Egyptian phrase "the god’s words," a phrase derived from the Egyptian practice of using hieroglyphic writing predominantly for religious or sacred purposes.
What is a hieroglyphics?
In addition to a phonetic interpretation, most hieroglyphs can also be used as logograms, where a single sign stands for the word. Logograms are accompanied by a silent vertical stroke that indicates the glyph should be read as a logogram. Logograms can also be accompanied by phonetic complements that clarify their meaning.
What are the hieroglyphics of the alphabet?
Most hieroglyphic signs are phonetic in nature, where the meaning of the sign is read independent of its visual characteristics, much like the letters of modern alphabets. Egyptian hieroglyphics did not incorporate vowels, and a single glyph can be either uniconsonantal, biconsonantal, or triconsonantal (representing one, two, or three consonants respectively). There are twenty-four uniconsonantal (or uniliteral) signs, which make up what is often called the “hieroglyphic alphabet.” It would have been possible to write all Egyptian words with just the uniconsonantal glyphs, but the Egyptians never did so and never simplified their complex writing into a true alphabet.
What direction should a hieroglyph be written?
Hieroglyphs are most commonly written from right to left, but can also be written left to right, or top to bottom. The direction the glyphs should be read is indicated by the direction faced by asymmetrical glyphs. When human and animal glyphs face to the right, the text should be read from right to left. Conversely, when the glyphs face left, the text should be read left to right.
What are some examples of Egyptian scribes?
In addition to phonetic, logographic, and determinative signs, Egyptian scribes also employed the use of other signs. An important example is the cartouche— an oblong enclosure with a horizontal line at one end—which indicated that the text enclosed is a royal name:
Who was the first to study hieroglyphics?
Almost from its inception, the study of Egyptology was dominated by a Euro-centric view, and it was a widely accepted fact that French Egyptologist Jean Francois Champollion was the first to decipher hieroglyphic writing. However, work by Egyptologist Okasha El Daly uncovered a vast corpus of medieval Arabic writing that reveals that to Arabic scholars, such as Ibn Wahshiyya, in the ninth and tenth centuries, hieroglyphs were not just symbolic but could represent sounds as well as ideas. In part, these manuscripts were scattered amongst private and public collections, and were either uncataloged or misclassified. Since Egyptologists erroneously believed Arabs did not study Egyptian culture, the significance of these manuscripts to Egyptology was overlooked for centuries.
Is there a vowel in Egyptian?
It is nearly impossible to know the true pronunciation of many ancient Egyptian words, particularly since there are no vowels in hieroglyphic script. Modern pronunciation of ancient Egyptian has numerous problems. Because of the lack of vowels, Egyptologists developed conventions of inserting vowel sounds in order to make words pronounceable in discussion and lectures. The triconsonontal glyph “nfr” thereby became known as “nefer,” and so forth.
When were hieroglyphs first discovered?
The first hieroglyphs can be dated around the 4th millennium BC on pottery. But in the Early Dynastic Period (2920-2575 BC), hieroglyphs began to conform to certain standards. At the start of the Old Kingdom, hieroglyphs are found on stone monuments and reliefs. They are added on walls of temples, tombs, gravestones, statues and coffins.
Who first deciphered the hieroglyphs?
The first attempt to decipher them was made by the German scholar Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680). He attempted to decipher them into the Coptic language, believing that the hieroglyphs were an earlier stage of that language. He also believed that the signs recorded phonetic values (he was correct).However, he couldn’t decipher it, ...
What are the hieroglyphs?
Hieroglyphs are a system of pictorial writing that the ancient Egyptians used to record events and stories. They can be read as a picture, as a symbol of an image, or as a symbol for the sound related to ...
What did Ramses learn from the hieroglyphics?
He determined the phonetic values of the signs, allowing him later to learn many more Egyptian words. This was a big breakthrough.
Why was the Hieratic script developed?
The hieratic script was developed for much faster and everyday use. Not everyone knew how to write in ancient Egypt. The privilege of learning to write and read was limited only to the officials, priests and craftsman who were making inscriptions.
How many hieroglyphics were there?
The original number of hieroglyphs was approximately 700, but multiplied later. The writings were written from right to left, but when decorating certain surfaces like doors or walls, the writings could also be in vertical form.
What were the symlinks used for?
They were used for writing music, many varied documents, but also for religious purposes: like rituals, myths, hymns, prayers etc. However, these were not suitable for everyday use, so they were only used as decorative writing, since they took a lot of time to be written.
When did the hieroglyphics start?
The origins of the script are not known. It apparently arose in the late predynastic period (just before 2925 bce ).
Who first deciphered the hieroglyphics?
The first attempt to decipher hieroglyphics, based on the assumption that they were indeed phonetic symbols, was made by the German scholar Athanasius Kircher in the mid-1600s. Despite his initial correct hypothesis, he correctly identified only one symbol.
What is the connection between Egyptian hieroglyphics and other scripts?
Modern usage has extended the term to other writing systems, such as Hieroglyphic Hittite, Mayan hieroglyphs, and early Cretan. There is no connection between Egyptian hieroglyphs and these other scripts, the only certain derivative from the Egyptian writing being that used for Meroitic.
What are the four principles of hieroglyphic writing?
First, a hieroglyph could be used in an almost purely pictorial way. The sign of a man with his hand to his mouth might stand for the word “eat.”. Similarly, the word “sun” would be represented by a large circle with a smaller circle in its centre.
What does "hg" mean in Egyptian?
Thus the Egyptian words for “man” and “be bright,” both spelled with the same consonants, hg, could be rendered by the same hieroglyph. Fourth, the hieroglyphs stood for individual or combinations of consonants. It is arguable whether the ancient Greeks or Romans understood hieroglyphics.
What does the Greek word "hieroglyph" mean?
Hieroglyph, meaning “sacred carving, ” is a Greek translation of the Egyptian phrase “the god’s words,” which was used at the time of the early Greek contacts with Egypt to distinguish the older hieroglyphs from the handwriting of the day (demotic).
What is an encyclopedia editor?
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. ...
In Unicode
Unicode character names follow Gardiner's sign list (padded with zeroes to three digits, i.e. Gardiner "A1" is "EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH A001"), with the addition of glyph names in NL001–NL020 and NU001–NU022, representing the 20 Nomes of Lower Egypt and the 22 Nomes of Upper Egypt, respectively.
Articles on individual hieroglyphs
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: these will all need to be either merged into an article on a recognizable topic or transwikied to wiktionary as entries on individual characters. Please help improve this section if you can.
What is the purpose of hieroglyphics?
Hieroglyphics, it is known that the ancient Pharaohs or Egyptians used hieroglyphics as a means of communication and documentation of many events, and this language is still written on many of the archaeological monuments in Egypt, and learning this language helps to understand, and thus contributes to the decoding and knowledge of many secrets Ancient Pharaonic civilization, and explain more details about the hieroglyphics as follows:
What is the Egyptian writing program?
The Ministry of Antiquities launched the first activities of the program "Ancient Egyptian Writing", which is organized within the initiative launched by the ministry last year on World Museums Day in cooperation with the libraries of the Egyptian Society for Culture and Community Development;
Where did the hieroglyphics come from?
For this reason, various increasingly simplified hieroglyphic writings emerged in the Nile valley.
Who discovered the hieroglyphic system?
3) The discovery of hieroglyphs. We owe the understanding of the hieroglyphic writing system to Jean-François Champollion, a French historian and linguist, considered to be the father of the science devoted to Egyptian civilization: Egyptology.
What did the Egyptians use to designate numbers?
According to Egyptologists, the Egyptians also used specific hieroglyphs to designate numbers. Their system of numbers was based on a scale from zero to nine like ours (as seen above). For numbers greater than 9, they changed symbols instead of adding 0s as we do today, namely: - A pharaonic heel bone for 10.
How many letters are in the Egyptian alphabet?
The 24-letter Egyptian alphabet. The different types of other hieroglyphs (and their meanings) The different "simplified forms of hieroglyphs". After reading this article, you will be able to read hieroglyphs as well as an experimented scribe of ancient Egypt. Let's discover the mystery of hieroglyphs' writing right away.
How to put Egyptian words in the plural?
Egyptian words are initially written in the singular. To put them in the plural, simply add three "stick" symbols at the end of the word. In our modern language, it is a bit like adding an "s" at the end of a word.
What is linear hieroglyphics?
Linear hieroglyphs are hieroglyphs that are no longer intended to be true works of art. Less worked but faster to draw, they can save a lot of time for a scribe.
Who was the Egyptian explorer who was obsessed with hieroglyphics?
In his lifetime, the intrepid Egyptologist Champollion was quickly obsessed with deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs. Indeed, the translation of these beautiful Egyptian antiquities was lost during the fall of the Roman Empire.
3. Ancient Egyptians used other forms of writing
Because hieroglyphic writing was so complicated, the ancient Egyptians developed other types of writing that were more convenient. Hieratic writing, a cursive script that was written on papyrus with a pen or brush, or upon a piece of limestone called an ostracon was invented for use primarily on papyrus, a more fragile material.
4. Hieroglyphic writing has odd quirks
Hieroglyphic writing doesn't have any spaces between the words, and there's no punctuation. That means that readers have to have a good grasp of ancient Egyptian grammar and know something about the context of a message in order to be able to tell individual words, clauses, sentences, paragraphs and chapters apart.
5. Few Egyptians could read hieroglyphic writing
In the later stages of ancient Egyptian civilization, only priests were able to read hieroglyphic writing, according to James P. Allen in his book Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs. "Inscriptions that were meant to have a larger audience were carved in Demotic instead," he writes.
6. Hieroglyphic writing gradually died out
After the Ptolemies, who were of Macedonian descent, began to rule Egypt in the 300s B.C., Greek replaced Egyptian as the official court language.
7. The Rosetta Stone led to a breakthrough
The Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799 and featured writing in three different scripts: hieroglyphic, demotic and ancient Greek.
8. Deciphering hieroglyphic writing remains a challenge
Figuring out the meaning of texts written in hieroglyphic writing remains a big challenge for scholars, and requires a certain amount of subjective interpretation. Even reading them aloud isn’t easy.
Material Form & Use of Egyptian Hieroglyphs
- The labels found in the Abydos U-j tomb were carved on small rectangles made of wood or ivory with a hole in their corner so they could be attached to different goods. Other inscribed surfaces such as ceramic, metaland stone (both flakes and stelae) are also known from early royal tombs…
Development of Ancient Hieroglyphs
- As Egyptian writingevolved during its long history, different versions of the Egyptian hieroglyphic script were developed. In addition to the traditional hieroglyphs, there were also two cursive equivalents: hieratic and demotic. Hieroglyphic This was the oldest version of the script, characterized by its elegant pictorial appearance. These signs are typically founnd in monumen…
Legends on The Origin of Egyptian Hieroglyphs
- According to Egyptian tradition, the god Thothcreated writing to make the Egyptians wiser and to strengthen their memory. The god Re, however, disagreed: he said that delivering the hieroglyphs to humanity would cause them to contemplate their memory and history through written documents rather than relying on their actual memories passed down through generations. Writi…
Deciphering Hieroglyphs
- For many years hieroglyphs were not understood at all. In 1798 CE Napoleon Bonaparte went to Egypt with many researchers and they copied several Egyptian texts and images. One year later, the Rosetta Stone was found, a decree of Ptolemy V, with the same text written in Greek, demotic and hieroglyphic writing. Finally, Jean-François Champollion unravelled the mystery. He identifie…
Decline of Egyptian Hieroglyphs
- During the Ptolemaic (332-30 BCE) and the Roman Period (30 BCE-395 CE) in Egypt, Greek and Roman culture became increasingly influential. Towards the 2nd century CE, Christianitystarted to displace some of the traditional Egyptian cults. Christianized Egyptians developed the Coptic alphabet (an offshoot of the Greek uncial alphabet), the final stage in the development of the Eg…
Overview
Egyptian hieroglyphs were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt, used for writing the Egyptian language. Hieroglyphs combined logographic, syllabic and alphabetic elements, with some 1,000 distinct characters. Cursive hieroglyphs were used for religious literature on papyrus and wood. The later hieratic and demotic Egyptian scripts were derived from hieroglyphic writing, as was the Pro…
History and evolution
Hieroglyphs may have emerged from the preliterate artistic traditions of Egypt. For example, symbols on Gerzean pottery from c. 4000 BC have been argued to resemble hieroglyphic writing.
Proto-hieroglyphic symbol systems developed in the second half of the 4th millennium BC, such as the clay labels of a Predynastic ruler called "Scorpion I" (Naqada …
Etymology
The word hieroglyph comes from the Greek adjective ἱερογλυφικός (hieroglyphikos), a compound of ἱερός (hierós 'sacred') and γλύφω (glýphō '(Ι) carve, engrave'; see glyph).
The glyphs themselves, since the Ptolemaic period, were called τὰ ἱερογλυφικὰ [γράμματα] (tà hieroglyphikà [grámmata]) "the sacred engraved letters", the Greek counterpart to the Egyptian expression of mdw.w-nṯr "god's words". Greek ἱερόγλυφος meant "a carver of hieroglyphs".
Decipherment
Knowledge of the hieroglyphs had been lost completely in the medieval period. Early attempts at decipherment are due to Dhul-Nun al-Misri and Ibn Wahshiyya (9th and 10th century, respectively).
All medieval and early modern attempts were hampered by the fundamental assumption that hieroglyphs recorded ideas and not the sounds of the langua…
Spelling
Standard orthography—"correct" spelling—in Egyptian is much looser than in modern languages. In fact, one or several variants exist for almost every word. One finds:
• Redundancies;
• Omission of graphemes, which are ignored whether or not they are intentional;
• Substitutions of one grapheme for another, such that it is impossible to distinguish a "mistake" from an "alternate spelling";
Encoding and font support
Egyptian hieroglyphs were added to the Unicode Standard in October 2009 with the release of version 5.2 which introduced the Egyptian Hieroglyphs block (U+13000–U+1342F) with 1,071 defined characters.
As of July 2013 , four fonts, Aegyptus, NewGardiner, Noto Sans Egyptian Hieroglyphs and JSeshFont support this range. Another font, Segoe UI Historic, comes bundled with Windows 10 …
See also
• List of Egyptian hieroglyphs
• Egyptian language
• Middle Bronze Age alphabets
• Manuel de Codage
• Champollion Museum
Further reading
• Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy (2000). The Keys of Egypt: The Obsession to Decipher Egyptian Hieroglyphs. HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-019439-0.
• Allen, James P. (1999). Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77483-3.
Etymology
- The word "hieroglyph" derives from the Greek words ἱερός (hierós): "Sacred" and γλύφειν (glúphein): "To carve" or "to write," as in the term "glyph." This was translated from the Egyptian phrase "the god’s words," a phrase derived from the Egyptian practice of using hieroglyphic writing predominantly for religious or sacred purposes. The term "hier...
History and Evolution
- The origin of Egyptian hieroglyphs is uncertain, although it is clear that they constitute one of the oldest known writing systems in the world. Egyptian hieroglyphs may pre-date Sumerian cuneiformwriting, making them the oldest known writing system; or the two writing systems may have evolved simultaneously. One of the oldest and most famous examples of Egyptian hierogly…
Deciphering Hieroglyphs
- Those who conquered Egypt during the time when hieroglyphs and hieratic script were in common use did not learn them. Thus, although the Greeks developed the Coptic alphabet for writing the Egyptian language, they included only a few demotic glyphs. When the Egyptian religion, which was the last use of hieroglyphs, was replaced with Christianity, all knowledge of hieroglyphs wa…
Writing System
- Visually, hieroglyphs are all more or less figurative: They represent real or illusional elements, sometimes stylized and simplified, and generally recognizable in form. However, the same sign can, according to context, be interpreted in diverse ways: as a phonogram, as a logogram, or as an ideogram. Additionally, signs can be used as determinatives, where they serve to clarify the mea…
Reading Hieroglyphs
- It is nearly impossible to know the true pronunciation of many ancient Egyptian words, particularly since there are no vowels in hieroglyphic script. Modern pronunciation of ancient Egyptian has numerous problems. Because of the lack of vowels, Egyptologists developed conventions of inserting vowel sounds in order to make words pronounceable in discussion and lectures. The tr…
Gallery
- Border Stela of Senusret III. Middle Kingdom of Egypt, 12th dynasty, c. 1860 B.C.E.
- Limestone balustrade decorated with royal cartouches from Amarna (Dynasty 18).
- An amphora-type pot with 3 columns of hieroglyphs.
- Pyramid text in Teti pyramid in Saqqara, Egypt.
Referencesisbn Links Support Nwe Through Referral Fees
- Adkins, Lesley, and Roy Adkins. The Keys of Egypt: The Obsession to Decipher Egyptian Hieroglyphs. HarperCollins Publishers, 2000. ISBN 0060194391.
- Allen, James P. Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs. Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0521774837.
- Collier, Mark, and Bill Manley. How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs: A Step-by-step Guide to Te…
- Adkins, Lesley, and Roy Adkins. The Keys of Egypt: The Obsession to Decipher Egyptian Hieroglyphs. HarperCollins Publishers, 2000. ISBN 0060194391.
- Allen, James P. Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs. Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0521774837.
- Collier, Mark, and Bill Manley. How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs: A Step-by-step Guide to Teach Yourself. British Museum Press, 1998. ISBN 0714119105.
- El Daly, Okasha. Egyptology: The Missing Millennium. London: University College London Press, 2005. ISBN 1844720632.
External Links
- All links retrieved September 19, 2017. 1. Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphics - Aldokkan 2. Gardiner's Sign List 3. "Manuel de Codage" 4. Transliteration and pronunciation of ancient Egyptian